• 제목/요약/키워드: War History

검색결과 446건 처리시간 0.026초

묵자의 반전 평화에 관한 이론과 실천 재조명 (The review of Mozi's Theory and practice about Anti-war and Peace)

  • 황성규
    • 한국철학논집
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    • 제59호
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    • pp.191-214
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    • 2018
  • 중국 사상가 중 전쟁의 참혹함에 대해 가장 설득력 있는 이론을 제시한 실천가, 또 자신의 이론을 현실에 적용하기 위해 동분서주했던 이론가는 바로 묵자이다. 이 글의 주된 목적은 반전 평화 이론이 제시된 묵자의 "비공"편에 대해 체계적이고 종합적인 분석을 위해 묵자 반전론(反戰論)의 특징을 이론적인 측면과 실천적인 측면으로 나누어 고찰하고자 하였다. 먼저 이론적인 측면에 대해 세 부분으로 나누어 고찰해 보았다. 첫째 묵자의 반전 평화 이론의 윤리적 기초는 서로 사랑하고 서로 이로움을 나누는 '겸애'이다. 둘째, 묵자는 응보주의적 관점에 입각하여 다른 사람의 권익을 해친 것과 같이 전쟁을 일으킨 자도 동일하게 처벌해야 한다는 점을 명확히 하고 있다. 셋째 묵자는 전쟁은 경제적인 측면에서도 아무런 이익이 되지 못함을 예증하고 있다. 위의 세 가지 측면이 묵자 반전 평화 이론의 축을 이룬다. 다음으로 실천적인 측면에서 묵자가 현실에서 약소국을 보호하기 위해 동분서주했던 사례를 살펴보았다. 먼저 '지초공송'을 통해 약소국 보호를 위해 그가 보인 반전 평화의 실천적 사례를 되짚어 보고, 다음으로 고대방어 전술의 백미로 일컬어지는 묵자의 방어 전술에서 특히 주목할 필요가 있는 몇 가지에 대해 고찰하였다. 이상의 고찰을 통해 묵자가 이론과 실천 간의 간격을 좁히기 위해 얼마나 노력했는지를 짐작해 볼 수 있다. 반전 평화를 염원하며 이론을 정립하고 또 이를 현실에서 실천하기 위해 동분서주했던 묵자의 반전 평화 이론은 오늘날에도 여전히 현실적 의의가 있다고 본다.

"증언자료의 비판적 활용 - 6.25전쟁 시기 유격대의 경우" ("Critical Application of Witness Commentaries: The Case of Guerrilla Warfare in the Korean War")

  • 조성훈
    • 기록학연구
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    • 제12호
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    • pp.137-178
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    • 2005
  • The anticommunist guerrillas' activities that aretheconcern of this article took place largely in North Korea or behind the enemy-held lines. Verifying their history is accordingly difficult and requires careful attention, but despite their active operations the military as well as the scholarly community have been lax in studying them. The Korean War came to be perceived as a traditional, limited war with regular battles, so that the studies addressed mostly the regular operations, and guerrilla warfare is remembered as an almost 'exclusive property' of the communist invaders; a small wonder that the anticommunist guerrillas have not been studied much and the collection of materials neglected. Therefore, in contrast with the witness accounts concerning regular battles, witness resources were of a small volume about these "patriots without the service numbers." For the above reasons the guerrilla participants and their later-organized fellowships took to the task of leaving records and compiling the histories of their units. They became active preservers of history in order to inform later generations of their works and also to secure deserved benefits from the government, in a world where none recognized their achievements. For instance, 4th Donkey Unit published witness accounts in addition to a unit history, and left video-recordings of guerrilla witnesses before any institute systematized the oral history of the guerrillas. In the case of Kyulsa ("Resolved to Die") Guerrilla Unit, the unit history was 10 times revised and expanded upon for publication, contributing substantially to the recovery of anticommunist guerrilla history which had almost totally lacked documented resources. Now because the guerrilla-related witness accounts were produced through fellowship societies and not individually, it often took the form of 'collective memory.' As a result, though thousands of former guerrillas remain surviving, the scarcity of numerous versions of, or perspectives upon, an event renders difficult an objective approach to the historical truth. Even requests to verify the service of a guerrilla member or to apply for decoration or government benefits for those killed in action, the process is taken care of not at the hands of the first party but the veteran society, so that a variety of opinions are not available for consideration. Moreover, some accounts were taken by American military personnel, and since some historians, unaware of official documents or evaluation of achievements, tended to center the records around their own units and especially to exaggerate the units' performances, they often featured factual errors. Thefollowing is the means to utilize positively the aforementioned type of witness accounts in military history research. It involves the active use of military historical detachments (MHD). As in the examples of those dispatched by the American forces during the Korean War, experts should be dispatched during, and not just after, wartimes. By considering and investigating the differences among various perspectives on the same historical event, even without extra documented resources it is possibleto arrive at theerrors or questionable points of the oral accounts, supplementing the additional accounts. Therefore any time lapses between witness accounts must be kept in consideration. Moreover when the oral accounts come from a group such as participants in the same guerrilla unit or operation, a standardized list of items ought to be put to use. Education in oral history is necessary not just for the training of experts. In America wherethefield sees much activity, it is used not only in college or graduate programs but also in elementary and lifetime educational processes. In comparison in our nation, and especially in historical disciplines, methodological insistence upon documented evidences prevails in the main, and in the fields of nationalist movement or modern history, oral accounts do not receive adequate attention. Like ancient documents and monuments, oral history also needs to be made a regular part of diverse resource materials at our academic institutes for history. Courses in memory and history, such as those in American colleges, are available possibilities.

The role of Nurses in the Korean War

  • Jung, Eun Young
    • International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.174-180
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    • 2022
  • It is meaningful in that it can be used as valuable data in modern nursing by exploring the meaning and essence of the experiences experienced as women and nurses in the special situation of war to understand their experiences. To find the role of nurses in the war, the research was classified into primary data and secondary data. Among the many data, only those with high external and internal evaluations were selected and analyzed. However subjective opinions were not included. At a time when women's social advancement was difficult, the nurse faithfully fulfilled the role of a nurse on the battlefield, and as a result, it became a new channel for women's social advancement. Nurses performed various roles, such as nursing for soldiers wounded in the Korean War, as well as midwifery and health education for the general public. In this way, during the Korean War, both inside and outside the battlefield, nurses performed all the roles they could in their respective positions. Nursing activities on the battlefield have taken their true value in line with the characteristics of nursing education based on holistic nursing, integrated thinking, love for humanity, and dedication. Recently, disasters and war zones are increasing worldwide, and the number of nurses required in these fields is also increasing. Based on the research results of past nurses' activities, there is a need for interest and research on the new roles of nurses needed in the present and future society. In addition, while not forgetting the sacrifices of nurses in the past, this spirit must be continued and developed.

IMU의 재탄생과 ICM (The Rebirth of the IMU and ICM)

  • 김계환;김성숙
    • 한국수학사학회지
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    • 제26권1호
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    • pp.21-32
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    • 2013
  • 20세기 초에 발생하였던 제1, 2차 세계대전들은 유럽 사회뿐만 아니라, 수학계에도 지대한 손실을 끼쳤다. 1차 세계대전 이후 프랑스를 중심으로 탄생되었던 국제 수학연맹(IMU)은 정치적으로 이용되었던 이유로 해체되어졌고, 제 2차 세계대전이 발생함에 따라 모든 국제 학회모임은 중단되었다. 독일에 나치정권이 들어선 후, 많은 뛰어난 수학자들이 수용소에서 죽음을 맞거나 미국으로 이주하면서 학문의 중심은 유럽에서 미국으로 이동하였다. 전쟁이 끝난 후 심각한 정치 경제 위기에 처한 유럽의 학자들은 수학계를 대변할 능력을 잃었다. 이에 국제적인 의무감을 갖게 된 미국의 스톤(Stone)을 비롯한 수학자들은 정치에 상관없이 모든 나라가 가입할 수 있는 새 IMU를 탄생시킨다. 이 논문은 제2차 세계대전 이후에 IMU의 재탄생 과정과 1950년도의 ICM에서 일어난 일들을 면밀히 알아봄으로써 20세기 중반의 수학계의 발전상을 연구하고자 한다.

지역분쟁의 원인 연구 (A Study on Cause of Regional Conflict)

  • 김성우
    • 융합보안논문지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.157-162
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    • 2019
  • 전쟁의 본질은 전쟁에 대한 개념뿐만 아니라 전쟁의 목적을 비롯하여 본질, 속성, 성격 등을 포함하고 있으며, 이러한 것을 이해하지 못하고서는 전쟁의 원인을 명확하게 규명할 수 없다. 인류의 역사와 더불어 시작된 전쟁은 다양한 목적을 달성하기 위해 발발하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 전쟁시 외세개입 방법과 전쟁의 근본적인 원인을 분석하고자 했다. 연구방법은 미국과 영국 등의 사회학자들의 주장과 연구 등 문서연구 방법으로 진행하였다. 연구결과, 다양한 전쟁의 목적으로 인해 전쟁에 대한 원인을 찾아내기가 단순하지는 않다. 본 연구에서는 제2차 세계대전 이후 지구상에서 발생하고 있는 지역분쟁의 원인에 대하여 주로 분석하였다. 각 지역별 소규모 분쟁과 새로운 형태의 전쟁의 원인을 규정지으려는 대부분의 논문에서 보고되는 지역적 구조적 설명들이 전적으로 믿을 만한 것은 아니지만, 국내적 요소와 외부적 요소들이 복잡하게 뒤얽혀있고 냉전이 내전을 격화시켜왔다는 주장은 명백한 사실이다. 이 연구 자료는 최근 한번도의 안보상황을 분석 및 연구하는데 기초자료로 도움을 줄 것이다.

1930년대에서 1950년대까지 싱가포르 티옹 바루 단지에서 공공주택의 동화와 이식에 관한 연구 (A Study on Assimilation and Transplantation of Public Housing at the Tiong Bahru Estate in Singapore from the 1930s to the 1950s)

  • 우동선;탁충석
    • 건축역사연구
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.27-37
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    • 2014
  • Early 20th century Singapore was faced with the problem of overcrowding. The attendant problems of a rapid increase in population density, namely the lack of proper housing and sanitation, resulted in the issue of an appropriate residential environment emerging as an important task in urban planning. It was necessary to construct housing estates in order to solve this issue. At that time, the British colonial government attempted to transplant modern technology into the construction process of a residential complex system. However, Singapore's climate and traditional lifestyle made it impossible to apply the British modern system in a straightforward manner, and in the process, a number of transformations emerged. With a specific focus on the Tiong Bahru estate, one of Singapore's representative public housing projects, from the 1930s through the 1950s, this study intends to look at the way in which such residential estates were assimilated into local surroundings, and the effect of the transplantation of British concepts of modern housing theory. Therefore, the study is divided into an examination of the estate both before and after the turning point of World War II. This study confirms that the difference between the pre-war and post-war planning strategies for the Tiong Bahru estate were made according to the concept of 'open space.'

Digitalization and Diversification of Modern Educational Space (Ukrainian case)

  • Oksana, Bohomaz;Inna, Koreneva;Valentyn, Lihus;Yanina, Kambalova;Shevchuk, Victoria;Hanna, Tolchieva
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제22권11호
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2022
  • Linking Ukraine's education system with the trends of global digitalization is mandatory to ensure the sustainable, long-term development of the country, as well as to increase the sustainability of the education system and the economy as a whole during the crisis period. Now the main problems of the education system in Ukraine are manifested in a complex context caused by Russian armed aggression. In the context of war, problems include differences in adaptation to online learning among educational institutions, limited access to education for vulnerable groups in the zone of active hostilities, the lack of digital educational resources suitable for online learning, and the lack of basic digital skills and competencies among students and teachers necessary to properly conduct online classes. Some of the problems of online learning were solved in the pandemic, but in the context of war Ukrainian society needs a new vision of education and continuous efforts of all social structures in the public and private environment. In the context of war, concerted action is needed to keep education on track and restore it in active zones, adapting to the needs of a dynamic society and an increasingly digitized economy. Among the urgent needs of the education system are a change in the teaching-learning paradigm, which is based on content presentation, memorization, and reproduction, and the adoption of a new, hybrid educational model that will encourage the development of necessary skills and abilities for students and learners in a digitized society and enable citizens close to war zones to learn.

중일전쟁 이후 일제의 금속자원 통제와 건축자재 대용품 개발 (Control of metal resources and development of substitute materials for building materials by Japan after the Second Sino-Japanese War)

  • 홍경화;한동수
    • 건축역사연구
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.7-16
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    • 2022
  • Since the beginning of the second Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the entire Korean Peninsula has entered a full-fledged wartime system. Japan enacted laws that strongly regulate the distribution of various resources for war, and the same was implemented in Joseon. In particular, as iron, copper, lead, tin, and aluminum were mobilized as raw materials for military supplies such as weapons, private distribution decreased significantly, which had a great impact on the construction industry. As the use of metal such as steel as building materials requires permission from the provincial governor, it has become difficult to supply and demand except for some military facilities. In addition, the Japanese Ministry of Commerce and Industry encouraged research and development and manufacturing to promote the so-called "substitute goods industry" to make up for the shortage of supplies. Products with improved performance through chemical treatment by injecting only a small amount of the same raw material than before or using alternative raw materials have been developed. It was intended to overcome the limitations of lack of raw materials through the chemical industry. In terms of building materials, various substitutes were produced due to the incorporation of petrochemicals and the use of synthetic resins. This trend continued even after the end of the war and served as one of the backgrounds for R&D and production of new materials without returning to the "substitute goods."

Trauma Surgery and War: A Historical Perspective

  • Hwang, Kun
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.219-224
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    • 2021
  • The aim of this review is to introduce the progress in trauma surgery made during war. In the 16th century, Paré reintroduced ligature of arteries, which had been introduced by Celsus and Galen, instead of cauterization during amputation. Larrey, a surgeon in Napoleon's military, adapted the "flying artillery" to serve as "flying ambulances" for rapid transport of the wounded. He established rules for the triage of war casualties, treating wounded soldiers according to the seriousness of their injuries and the urgency of medical care. To treat fractures and tuberculosis, Thomas created the "Thomas splint", which was used to stabilize fractured femurs and prevent infection; in World War I (WWI), use of this splint reduced the mortality of compound femur fractures from 87% to less than 8%. During WWI, Cushing systematized the treatment of head injuries, reducing mortality among head injury patients. Gillies repaired facial injuries, and his experiences became the basis of craniofacial and aesthetic surgery. In WWII, McIndoe discovered that immersion in saline promoted burn healing and improved survival rates, and thus began saline baths and early grafting instead of using tannic acid. A high mortality rate in patients with acute renal failure was noted in WWII and the Korean War. In the Korean War, Teschan used the Kolff-Brigham dialyzer. The first use of medevac with helicopters was the evacuation of three British pilot combat casualties by the US Army in Burma during WWII. As a lotus blooms in the mud, military surgeons have contributed to trauma surgery during wartime.

Political Islam and the War in Syria

  • MANFREDI FIRMIAN, Federico
    • Acta Via Serica
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.105-130
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    • 2022
  • This paper argues that the war in Syria is partly the result of a global Islamist wave that contributed to fuelling conflict across large regions of Asia and Africa. Of course, the war that has consumed Syria since 2011 most certainly has multiple interrelated causes and driving forces, and any attempt to isolate one or even two or three runs the risk of advancing an overly simplistic interpretation of history. This essay, therefore, does not aim to offer an appraisal of the multiple variables that contributed to the war in Syria. Instead, it zeroes in on how political Islam came to impact Syria and its people. In doing so, it demonstrates how competing varieties of political Islam represented leading causes of conflict. Indeed, different Islamist movements contributed to the outbreak of the war in 2011, fuelled the conflict for years on end, and to this day represent major obstacles to the achievement of sustainable peace. Four broad Islamist currents are especially relevant to the case of Syria: the Muslim Brotherhood; the Shia revivalist movement at the nexus of the alliance between Iran, Hezbollah, and Syria; Salafi jihadism and its volatile and fractious underworld of competing armed groups, from Al-Qaeda to the Islamic State; and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's market-friendly Islamism, which induced Turkey to intervene in Syria's civil war.