• 자원환경지질
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.455-464
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• 1993

Some nodules occur in the Milyang pyrophyllite deposit which are hydrothermal alteration products by Late Cretaceous andesitic tuff. These nodules are divided into two types on the basis of mineral assemblages; diaspore and pyrophyllite nodules. The diaspore nodules consist mainly of diaspore, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and pyrite with a small amounts of wavellite and tourmaline. They are light purplish grey in color, ellipsoid in shape and range 1 cm to 15 cm in size. A small or large diffuse band exists in some nodules. The platy coarse-grained diaspore is intergrown with the fine-aggregated kaolinite in the central part of the nodule. It appears that the grain size become fine from center to margin. The pyrophyllite nodules, which have the same shape with diaspore nodules, consist dominantly of pyrophyllite accompanied by small amounts of quartz, kaolinite, svanbergite, wavellite, tourmaline and apatite. Chemical compositions of alteration zones and nodules show that the wall rock alteration involved mainly the removal of large quantities of silica and alkalies and small quantities of Ca, Mg and Fe. The sharp increase in the Al content of the nodules is the result of residual concentration of alumina by the leaching of the mobile components. The pyrophyllite nodules were formed in the fluid saturated with quartz as ${\mu}_{HK_{-1}}$ and ${\mu}_{H_{2}O}$ increase. Under this condition, the pyrophyllite-kaolinite-quartz assemblage was stable. Diaspores formed from pyrophyllites in the fluid undersaturated with quartz as ${\mu}_{H_{2}O}$ increases (decreasing temperature). Under this condition, diaspore-pyrophyllite-kaolinite assemblage become stable. The formation temperature of the nodules on the basis of mineral assemblage is estimated as $275{\sim}340^{\circ}C$.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.268-276
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• 1998

낭종은 환자의 연령, 낭종의 종류 및 위치에 따라 치료방법을 선택하는 것이 바람직하며, 환자의 연령이 어린 경우에는 조대술을 통하여 낭종에 이환된 치아를 가능한 보존시키는 것이 바람직한 것으로 생각된다. 낭종에 포함되었던 치아는 조대술로 낭종을 제거후에 생리적인 맹출이 이루어지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며 기능도 정상적으로 수행하는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나, 조대술을 이용하여 시술한 후에는 맹출된 치아에 병리조직이 잔존되어 재발의 가능성이 있으므로 주기적인 관찰이 요구될 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제81권2호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2018

Chest tube insertion is a common procedure usually done for the purpose of draining accumulated air or fluid in the pleural cavity. Small-bore chest tubes (${\leq}14F$) are generally recommended as the first-line therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax in non-ventilated patients and pleural effusions in general, with the possible exception of hemothoraces and malignant effusions (for which an immediate pleurodesis is planned). Large-bore chest drains may be useful for very large air leaks, as well as post-ineffective trial with small-bore drains. Chest tube insertion should be guided by imaging, either bedside ultrasonography or, less commonly, computed tomography. The so-called trocar technique must be avoided. Instead, blunt dissection (for tubes >24F) or the Seldinger technique should be used. All chest tubes are connected to a drainage system device: flutter valve, underwater seal, electronic systems or, for indwelling pleural catheters (IPC), vacuum bottles. The classic, three-bottle drainage system requires either (external) wall suction or gravity ("water seal") drainage (the former not being routinely recommended unless the latter is not effective). The optimal timing for tube removal is still a matter of controversy; however, the use of digital drainage systems facilitates informed and prudent decision-making in that area. A drain-clamping test before tube withdrawal is generally not advocated. Pain, drain blockage and accidental dislodgment are common complications of small-bore drains; the most dreaded complications include organ injury, hemothorax, infections, and re-expansion pulmonary edema. IPC represent a first-line palliative therapy of malignant pleural effusions in many centers. The optimal frequency of drainage, for IPC, has not been formally agreed upon or otherwise officially established.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.281-291
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• 1995

이 연구의 목적은 수동형 격납용기 냉각계통의 용기 바깥표면이 건조 및 습한 조건일때 격납용기 내, 외벽에서 일어나는 열전달과정에 대한 실험적 자료를 얻는데 있다. 시험모델은 AP 600구조에 근거하여 격납용기의 둘레중 60$^{\circ}$부분만을 취하였다. 시험모델의 주요치수는 원형의 값을 대략 10분의 1로 축소한 것이다. 붕괴열을 모의하기 위하여 전기적으로 가열되는 증기발생기를 시험모델내에 설치하였다. 최대열유속은 8.91 kW/$m^2$ 이었다. 두 가지 형식의 시험이 수행되었다. 하나는 수막유동없이 공기만의 자연대류에 관한 시험이고 다른 하나는 수막유동과 공기의 자연대류가 동반된 증발열전달 시험이다. 시험결과 수막유동이 없는 경우 공기만의 자연대류 열전달 능력은 약 1.48 kW/$m^2$ 열유속에서 제한되고 있음을 알게 되었다 또한 수막유동과 공기의 자연대류가 동시에 일어나는 시험에서 열제거 능력은 현저히 향상됨을 알게 되었다 이들 열전달 측정치들을 기존 관계식들과 비교하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

This study carried out a series of experiments involving impact tests (Drop Weight type & Charpy type with a standard specimen and newly designed I-type specimen), hardness tests, and fracture surface observations of French-made roll shell steel (F), abnormal roll shell steel (M), reheated roll shell steel (R), and S25C steel under heat treatment conditiAn experimental study was carried out to study the solid-liquid mixture upward hydraulic transport of solid particles in vertical and inclined annuli with a rotating inner cylinder. The lift forces acting on a fluidized particle play a central role in many important applications such as the removal of drill cuttings in horizontal drill holes, sand transport in fractured reservoirs, sediment transport, the cleaning of particles from surfaces, etc. In this study a clear acrylic pipe was used to observe the movement of solid particles. Annular velocities varied from 0.4 to 1.2 m/s. The effect of the annulus inclination and drill pipe rotation on the carrying capacity of a drilling fluid, particle rising velocity, and pressure drop in a slim hole annulus were measured for fully-developed flows of water and aqueous solutions of CMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) and bentonite. The rotation of the inner cylinder was efficient at carrying particles to some degree. For a higher particle volume concentration, the hydraulic pressure loss of the mixture flow increased because of the friction between the wall and solids or between solids.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제78권4호
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• pp.419-422
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• 2015

We presented a case of unusual endobronchial inflammatory polyps as a complication following endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in a patient with tuberculous lymphadenitis. EBUSTBNA of the right hilar lymph node was performed in a 29-year-old, previously healthy man. The patient was confirmed with tuberculous lymphadenitis and received antituberculosis medication over the course of 6 months. Chest computed tomography, after 6 months of antituberculosis therapy following the EBUS-TBNA showed nodular bronchial wall thickening of the right main bronchus. Histological and microbiological examinations revealed inflammatory polyps. After 7 months, the inflammatory polyps regressed almost completely without need for removal.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.187-201
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• 2002

The KN-12 cask is designed to transport 12 PWR spent nuclear fuels and to comply with the requirements of Korea Atomic Energy Act, IAEA Safety Standards Series No.57-1 and US 10 CFR Part 71 for a Type B(U)F package. It provides containment, radiation shielding, structural integrity, criticality control and heat removal for normal transport and hypothetical accident conditions. W.H 14$\times$14, 16$\times$16 and 17$\times$17 fuel assemblies with maximum allowable initial enrichment of 5.0 wt.%, maximum average burn-up of 50,000 MWD/MTU and minimum cooling time of 7 years being used in Korea will be loaded and subsequently transported under dry and wet conditions. A forged cylindrical cask body which constitutes the containment vessel is closed by a cask lid. Polyethylene rods for neutron shielding are arranged in two rows of longitudinal bore holes in the cask body wall. A fuel basket to accommodate up to 12 PWR fuel assemblies provides support of the fuels, control of criticality and a path to dissipate heat. Impact limiters to absorb the impact energy under the hypothetical accident conditions are attacked at the top and at the bottom side of the cask during transport. Handling weight loaded with water is 74.8 tons and transport weight loaded with water with the impact limiters is 84.3 tons. The cask will be licensed in accordance with Korea Atomic Energy Act 3nd fabricated in Korea in accordance with ASME B&PV Code Section 111, Division 3.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.685-692
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• 2012

In this work, nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of 5 refrigerants of different vapor pressure are measured on horizontal Thermoexcel-E square surface of 9.53 mm length. Tested refrigerants are R32, R22, R134a, R152a and R245fa. HTCs are taken from 10 $kW/m^2$ to critical heat fluxes for all refrigerant at $7^{\circ}C$. Wall and fluid temperatures are measured directly by thermocouples located underneath the test surface and in the liquid pool. Test results show that critical heat fluxes(CHFs) of Thermoexcel-E enhanced surface are greatly improved as compared to that of a plain surface in all tested refrigerants. CHFs of all refrigerants on the Thermoexcel-E surface are increased up to 100% as compared to that of the plain surface. The improvement of Thermoexcel-E surface in CHF, however, is lower than that of the low fin surface. HTCs on Thermoexcel-E surface increase with heat flux. But after certain heat flux, HTCs began to decrease due to the difficulty in bubble removal caused by the inherent complex nature of this surface. Therefore, at heat fluxes close to the critical one, sudden decrease in HTCs needs to be considered in thermal design with Thermoexcel-E surface.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

암모늄으로 오염된 불량 매립지의 주변지반 지하수를 정화함에 있어 반응벽체를 적용할 경우, 고려해야 할 주요 설계인자를 평가하기 위해 회분식 실험, 투수시험, 주상실험을 수행하였다. 반응물질로는 높은 양이온교환능(CEC)를 가지는, 천연 제올라이트의 일종인 Clinoptilolite를 사용하였다. 회분식 실험의 경우, 암모늄 오염액의 초기농도와 Clinoptilolite 입자크기를 변화시키며 Clinoptilolite의 암모늄에 대한 제거율을 평가하였다. 암모늄의 초기농도가 80ppm으로 고농도인 경우를 제외하고는 단위 량의 Clinoptilolite로 약 80% 암모늄을 제거할 수 있었다. Clinoptilolite의 입자크기에 의한 영향은 뚜렷하지 않았다. 투수시험은 Clinoptilolite와 주문진사를 무게비 20 : 80으로 혼합한 후 시편을 성형하여 수행하였다. 투수시험에는 연성벽체 투수기를 사용하였다. 시험결과, 세척된 0.42∼0.85mm의 크기를 가지는 Clinoptilolite를 포함하는 시편이, 약 $10^{-3}$cm/s의 투수계수로 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 주상실험에서는 실제 매립지 침출수를 이용해, 유동 상태에서 암모늄 이온을 포함한 침출수와 Clinoptilolite 혼합토의 반응성을 검토하였다. 본 연구를 통해 Clinoptilolite는 암모늄을 정화하고자 하는 반응벽체에 적용 가능한 반응물질로 판단되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.379-390
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• 1998

In endodontic treatment, calcium hydroxide has been used as intracanal medicament. Although calcium hydroxide should be removed thoroughly before permanent root canal filling, no effective method for its removal has been reported. Because of irregularity of root canal walls, root curvatures and anatomic variations, it is insufficient to remove calcium hydroxide from the canal wall only by mechanical instrumentation Considering the chemical effects of irrigants on calcium hydroxide, $Ca^{++}$ dissolving effect from two calcium hydroxide products is investigated, using dis- tilled water, NaOCl, citric acid and EDTA. Vitapex$^{(R)}$ 0.1g and calcium hydroxide 0.03g were dissolved in distilled water, 5% NaOCl, 50% citric acid and 17% EDTA respectively, at 1, 3, 5, 10min. time interval. The solution was filtered using filter paper(pore size $5{\mu}m$) and $Ca^{++}$ concentration was determined by ion chromatography. The result were as follows : 1. Distilled water, NaOCl, citric acid and EDTA abstracted more $Ca^{++}$ from calcium hydroxide than Vitapex$^{(R)}$ except NaOCl 1, 5, 10 time interval. 2. EDTA and citric acid abstracted more $Ca^{++}$ from Vitapex$^{(R)}$ and calcium hydroxide than distilled water or NaOCl. The overall result support the view that water-based calcium hydroxide product is easily removed than oil-based calcium hydroxide product and EDTA, citric acid are more effective in $Ca^{++}$ elution than NaOCl or distilled water.