• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2014

It is practical nowadays to automate data recording in order to prevent loss and tampering of records. There are existing technologies that satisfy this needs and one of them is wireless sensor networks (WSN). Wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) are wireless networks and information-processing systems which are deployed to monitor medical condition of patients. In terms of performance, WBSNs are restricted by energy, and communication between nodes. In this paper, we focused in improving the performance of communication to achieve less energy consumption and to save power. The main idea of this paper is to prioritize nodes that exhibit a sudden change of vital signs that could put the patient at risk. Cluster head is the main focus of this study in order to be effective; its main role is to check the sent data of the patient that exceeds threshold then transfer to the sink node. The proposed scheme implemented added a time-based protocol to sleep/wakeup mechanism for the sensor nodes. We seek to achieve a low energy consumption and significant throughput in this study.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.3809-3822
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• 2017

Wireless Sensor Networks hold the limelight because of significant potential for distributed sensing of large geographical areas. The radio duty cycling mechanism that turns off the radio periodically is necessary for the energy conservation, but it deteriorates the network congestion when the traffic load is high, which increases the packet loss and the delay too. Although many papers for WSNs have tried to mitigate network congestion, none of them has mentioned the congestion problem caused by the radio duty cycling of MAC protocols. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient congestion control technique that operates on the radio duty cycling MAC protocol. It detects the congestion by checking the current queue size. If it detects the congestion, it extends the network capacity by adding supplementary wakeup times. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme highly reduces the packet loss and the delay.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate sleep efficiencies and conditions for comfortable sleep based on the analysis of EEGs and MST under four thermals conditions. Five female subjects who have similar life cycle and sleep patterns were participated for the sleep experiment. Their age was from 20 to 22 years old. They were healthy, and had regular sleep with consistent bed and wakeup time. It was checked whether they had a good sleep before the night of experiment. Experiments were performed in an environmental chamber of $4.1\times4.9\times2.7m$ size. EEGs were obtained from C3-A2 and C4-Al electrode sites. Sleep stages were classified, then TST, SWS latency and SWS/TST were calculated for the evaluation for sleep efficiencies on thermal conditions. As results, it was concluded that indoor thermal environments of $24\~26^{\circ}C$ was the best for comfortable and deep sleep.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.237-250
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• 2011

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) require energy performance and guaranteed delivery delay time, contrarily with previous MAC protocols that aim to high throughput mostly. In order to satisfy the new significant requirements, many MAC protocols of WSN employ and try to enhance the duty cycle mechanism which is energy efficient technique in MAC layer. This duty cycle mechanism is oriented by toggling the transceiver conditions composed of wakeup and sleep states. The synchronous MAC protocols perform the period synchronization process. Hence, these are energy efficient in periodic monitoring environment, but are inefficient in where an event is incurred rarely and infrequently. Otherwise, the performance of asynchronous MAC protocols are contrarily with synchronous protocols. In this paper, we design two models consisting Always-busy and Always-idle ti simplify the general network congestion conditions. Through these models, moreover, we analyze two types MAC protocols in terms of energy efficiency and delay performance by analytical results. Additionally, we also evaluate two MAC protocols with two gongestion models that we designed. By the analytical and simulated results, we provide the general and efficient decision method in which protocols are more appropriate in a certain WSN environment.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate sleep efficiencies and conditions for comfortable sleep based on the analysis of sleep efficiency and MST under four thermals conditions ($22^{\circ}C,\;24^{\circ}C,\;26^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$). Five female subjects who have similar life cycle and sleep patterns were participated for the sleep experiment. Their age was from 20 to 22 years old. They were healthy, and had regular sleep with consistent bed and wakeup time. It was checked whether they had a good sleep before the night of experiment. Experiments were performed in an environmental chamber using thermo-hygrostat. The physiological signal (EEG) for sleep stage were obtained from C3-A2 and C4-Al electrode sites. Sleep stages were classified, then SWS latency and SWS/TST were calculated for the evaluation for sleep efficiencies on thermal conditions. As results, mean skin temperature for comfort sleeping was $34.5{\sim}35.4^{\circ}C$. Considering sleep efficiency and mean skin temperature, indoor room temperature of upper limit was $28.1^{\circ}C$.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권10B호
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• pp.876-884
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 다중 채널 환경의 무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 소모를 최소화하고 데이터 수율(Throughput)을 증대시키기 위한 비동기 방식의 맥 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안하는 맥 프로토콜인 SPMC-MAC(Slim Preamble Multi Channel Media Access Control)은 [6]에서 제안했던 수신 노드가 깨어날 시간 정보의 이점을 이용하여 프리앰블의 길이를 줄이는 매커니즘을 채택한다. 프리앰블은 수신 노드의 ID와 랜덤하게 선택된 채널을 포함하여 전용의 기본 채널을 통해서 전송된다. 전송 세기 제어는 통신 가능 범위 내에서 적정 노드 수를 유지함으로써 데이터 전송 시 충돌과 간섭을 줄일 수 있다. 수학적 분석과 모의실험을 통해 에너지 소모와 수율에 대해 제안하는 SPMC-MAC과 X-MAC을 비교한다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.535-540
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• 2006

This study was performed In evaluate sleep efficiencies and conditions for comfortable sleep based on the analysis of Physiological signals under variations in thermal conditions. Five female subjects who have similar life cycle and sleep patterns were participated for the sleep experiment. It was checked whether they had a good sleep before the night of experiment. EEGs were obtained from C3-A2 and C4-A1 electrode sites and EOGs were acquired from LOC (left outer canthus) and ROC (right outer canthus) for REM sleep detection. Sleep stages were classified, then TST (total sleep time), SWS (slow wave sleep) latency and SWS/TST were calculated for the evaluation of sleep efficiencies on thermal conditions. TST was defined as an amount of time from sleep stage 1 to wakeup. SWS latency was from light off time to sleep stage 3 and percentage of SWS over TST was calculated for the evaluation of sleep quality and comfort sleep under thermal conditions. As result, the condition which raise a room temperature provided comfortable sleep.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2023

This study was conducted as a basic study for the selection of tags suitable for logistics management in the palletized unit-load unit and the development of various technologies to activate the palletized unit-load shipment of agricultural products through local APCs. Three types of passive RFID tags of UHF 900 MHz and one type of active RFID tag of 2.4 GHz band designed and manufactured through this study were used to analyze the receiving strength according to the tag's attachment location and distance of the palletized unit-load of agricultural products. In the passive RFID tag, there was a large difference in receiving strength by the tag's attachment location and a large amount of data loss depending on the distance within 30 m, whereas, in the active RFID tag, it was superior to the passive tags in terms of both receiving strength and data loss. Therefore, active tags are desirable from the perspective of multiple identification of warehouses with large spaces in relation to the application of RFID tags for palletized unit-loads of agricultural products, but the development of low-power technologies such as software wakeup power management as well as hardware to minimize battery power consumption is necessary.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.1423-1430
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• 2016

무선 센서 네트워크의 MAC 프로토콜에 관한 연구는 동기식 MAC 프로토콜과 비동기식 MAC 프로토콜로 구분되어 활발한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 특히, 비동기식 MAC 프로토콜은 각 노드들이 독립적인 Duty Cycle로 동작하기 때문에 송수신자 간의 동기를 맞추기 위한 알고리즘 연구가 필수적이다. 대표적으로 수신자 주도의 (Receiver-Initiated) MAC 프로토콜은 각 노드가 Wakeup 하자마자 전송하는 Beacon을 이용하여 송수신자 간의 동기를 맞추는 알고리즘이다. 하지만, 송신자가 언제 전송될지 모르는 수신자의 Beacon을 기다리면서 불필요한 에너지 소모가 발생하는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 송수신자 사이의 최적의 중간 노드를 선정하여 성능을 향상시키는 MAC 프로토콜을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 기존의 알고리즘 보다 에너지 효율을 향상시키고 전송 지연 시간이 감소되는 결과를 보인다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.745-753
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• 2016

This paper presents a fully synthesizable low power interconnect bus for millimeter-scale wireless sensor nodes. A segmented ring bus topology minimizes the required chip real estate with low input/output pad count for ultra-small form factors. By avoiding the conventional open drain-based solution, the bus can be fully synthesizable. Low power is achieved by obviating a need for local oscillators in member nodes. Also, aggressive power gating allows low-power standby mode with only 53 gates powered on. An integrated wakeup scheme is compatible with a power management unit that has nW standby mode. A 3-module system including the bus is fabricated in a 180 nm process. The entire system consumes 8 nW in standby mode, and the bus achieves 17.5 pJ/bit/chip.