• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.827-834
• /
• 2014

In order to meet the low voltage ride-through requirement in a grid code, a wind power plant (WPP) has to stay connected to a grid, supporting the voltage recovery for a grid fault. To do this, a plant-level controller as well as a wind generator (WG) controller is essential. The dynamic response of a WPP should be analyzed in order to design a plant-level controller. The dynamic response of a WPP for a grid fault is the collective response of all WGs, which depends on the wind speed approaching the WG. Thus, the dynamic response of a WPP should be analyzed by taking the wake effect into consideration, because different wind speeds at WGs will result in different responses of the WPP. This paper analyzes the response of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based offshore WPP with a grid fault taking into account the wake effect. To obtain the approaching wind speed of a WG in a WPP, we considered the cumulative impact of multiple shadowing and the effect of the wind direction. The voltage, reactive power, and active power at the point of common coupling of a 100 MW DFIG-based offshore WPP were analyzed during and after a grid fault under various wind and fault conditions using an EMTP-RV simulator. The results clearly demonstrate that not considering the wake effect leads to significantly different results, particularly for the reactive power and active power, which could potentially lead to incorrect conclusions and / or control schemes for a WPP.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.289-316
• /
• 2020

In the present paper, the effect of the location of stern planes on the flow entering the submarine propeller is studied numerically. These planes are mounted on three longitudinal positions on the submarine stern. The results are presented considering the flow field characteristics such as non-dimensional pressure coefficient, effective drag and lift forces on the stern plane, and the wake flow formed at the rear of the submarine where the propeller is located. In the present study, the submarine is studied at fully immersed condition without considering the free surface effects. The numerical results are verified with the experimental data. It is concluded that as the number of planes installed at the end of the stern section along the submarine model increases, the average velocity, width of the wake flow and its turbulence intensity formed at the end of the submarine enhance. This leads to a reduction in the non-uniformity of the inlet flow to the propulsion system.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.525-532
• /
• 2020

This work numerically investigates the effects of Reynolds number Re_D (= 100 - 150), cross-sectional aspect ratio AR = ( 0.25 -1.0), and attack angle α (= 0° - 90°) on the forces, Strouhal number, and wake of an elliptical cylinder, where Re_D is based on the freestream velocity and cylinder cross-section height normal to the freestream flow, AR is the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the elliptical cylinder, and α is the angle between the cylinder major axis and the incoming flow. At Re_D = 100, two distinct wake structures are identified, namely 'Steady wake' (pattern I) and 'Karman wake followed by a steady wake (pattern II)' when AR and α are varied in the ranges specified. When Re_D is increased to 150, an additional wake pattern, 'Karman wake followed by secondary wake (pattern III)' materializes. Pattern I is characterized by two steady bubbles forming behind the cylinder. Pattern II features Karman vortex street immediately behind the cylinder, with the vortex street transmuting to two steady shear layers downstream. Inflection angle α_i = 32°, 37.5° and 45° are identified for AR = 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, where the wake asymmetry is the greatest. The α_i effectively distinguishes the dependence on α and AR of force and vortex shedding frequency at either Re_D. In Pattern III, the Karman street forming behind the cylinder is modified to a secondary vortex street. At a given AR and α, Re_D = 150 renders higher fluctuating lift and Strouhal number than Re_D = 100.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2017

The treatment of rotor wake has been a critical issue in the field of the rotor aerodynamics. This paper presents a new free wake model for the unsteady analysis for a wind turbine. A blade-wake-tower interaction is major source of unsteady aerodynamic loading and noise on the wind turbine. However, this interaction can not be considered in conventional free wake model. Thus, the free wake model named Finite Vortex Element (FVE hereafter) was devised in order to consider the interaction effects. In this new free wake model, the wake-tower interaction was described by dividing one vortex filament into two vortex filaments, when the vortex filament collided with a tower. Each divided vortex filaments were remodeled to make vortex ring and horseshoe vortex to satisfy Kelvin's circulation theorem and Helmholtz's vortex theorem. This model was then used to predict aerodynamic load and wake geometry for the horizontal axis wind turbine. The results of the FVE model were compared with those of the conventional free wake model and the experimental results of SNU wind tunnel test and NREL wind tunnel test under various inflow velocity and yaw condition. The result of the FVE model showed better correlation with experimental data. It was certain that the tower interaction has a strong effect on the unsteady aerodynamic load of blades. Thus, the tower interaction needs to be taken into account for the unsteady load prediction. As a result, this research shows a potential of the FVE for an efficient and versatile numerical tool for unsteady loading analysis of a wind turbine.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제41권7호
• /
• pp.469-480
• /
• 2017

풍력발전단지에서 연간 에너지 생산량 예측의 정확도를 위해서는 바람 방향별 후류영향에 의한 풍속감소와 이에 따른 발전량 손실을 효과적으로 계산하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 연간 에너지 생산량 예측을 위하여 방향별 후류영향을 고려한 계산 프로그램을 개발하고, 예측 적합성을 확인하기 위해 실제 풍력발전단지의 연간 에너지 생산량 분석 결과 및 기존 상용 소프트웨어의 계산결과와 비교하였다. 적용된 계산식들은 기존 이론들을 바탕으로 하고 있어 상용 소프트웨어와 동일하지만 풍향별 후류영향 범위의 계산과정에서 차이가 있다. 비교결과 개발 프로그램은 실제 풍력발전단지 전체 시스템 이용율에 1% 이내로 근접하였고 기존 상용 프로그램을 이용한 예측 결과보다 2% 이상 실제 연간 시스템 이용율에 근접하는 결과를 보여주었다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.98-106
• /
• 2014

The effect of wake on the performance and load of a downstream wind turbine on a floating platform is investigated with a computer simulation in this study. The floating platform consists of a square platform having a dimension of $200m{\times}200m$ with four 2 MW wind turbines installed. For the simulation, only two wind turbines in series with the wind direction were considered and the floating platform was assumed to be stationary due to its large size. Also, a commercial program based on multi-body dynamics and eddy viscosity wake model was used. It was found from simulation that the power from the downstream wind turbine could be reduced by more than 50% of the power from the upstream wind turbine. However, due to the increase in the turbulence intensity, the power is greater but more fluctuating than the power produced by a wind turbine experiencing the same wind speed without wake. Also, it was found that the load of the down stream wind turbine be comes lower than the load of the upstream wind turbine but higher than the load of a wind turbine experiencing the same wind speed without wake.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.511-528
• /
• 2014

The characteristics of wake galloping phenomenon for two parallel/unparallel circular cylinders were investigated via wind tunnel tests. The two cylinders were initially deployed in parallel and wake galloping phenomena were observed by varying the center-to-center distance. The effect of an unparallel arrangement of two cylinders was next investigated by fixing the spacing ratio of one side of the cylinders at 5.0D and the other side at 3.0D, in which D represents the diameter of the cylinder. For the unparallel disposition, the 5.0D side showed a small, limited vibration while the 3.0D side produced much larger amplitude of vibration, resulting in a rolling motion. However, the overall amplitude appeared to decrease in unparallel disposition when compared with the amplitude of the 3.0D - 3.0D parallel case. This represents the mitigation effect of wake galloping due to the unparallel disposition between two cylinders. Flow visualization tests with particle image velocimetry were conducted to identify flow fields between two cylinders. The test results demonstrate the existence of a complex interaction of the downstream cylinder with the shear layer generated by the upstream cylinder. When the spacing ratio was large enough, the shear layer was not observed and the downstream cylinder showed only limited random vibration.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.66-75
• /
• 1993

캐비테이션 터널에서 모형선 혹은 부분모형선을 사용하여 3차원 반류분포를 재현시키고자 할 때, 유동조절체를 사용하여 터널 위벽효과(Tunnel wall effect)를 감소시키는 경우가 있다. 유동조절체가 선미후류 유동에 미치는 영향과 터널 위벽효과를 해석하기 위하여 직사각형 단면의 시험부에 설치되어 있는 모형선과 유동조절체 주위 유동을 표면양력판 이론을 사용하여 해석하였다. Sydney Express 모형선 주위 유동에 대한 계산결과에 의하면 선체 표면 압력분포에 미치는 캐비테이션 터널의 위벽효과는 막음비(Blockage)가 5% 이내인 경우에는 무시할 정도이며, 막음비가 20% 이상인 경우에는 상당히 큼을 알 수 있다. 유동조절체를 선미 부근 터널벽에 설치함으로써 선미 유동중 축방향속도가 증가되었으며, 선체표면에서의 압력구배(pressure gradient)는 선미 경계층의 두께가 덜 증가되는 방향으로 변화되었음을 알 수 있었다. 유동조절체를 설치하여 재현된 반류분포는 등속도곡선의 폭이 좁아지기 때문에 추정된 실선반류 분포를 재현하기 위하여 유동조절체를 사용하는 경우가 있다. 표면양력판에 의해 계산된 반류분포는 이상유체 가정을 토대로 계산되었기 때문에 계측된 반류분포와의 차이를 보정하기 위해서는 경계층 계산이나 점성유동계산이 필요하다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제35권10호
• /
• pp.859-867
• /
• 2007

본 논문의 목적은 다중로터의 공력특성 해석이 가능한 수치해석 기법을 개발하고 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 기 개발된 시간 전진 자유후류 모델이 고려된 비정상 용출 및 중첩 패널 코드에 table look-up 방식을 추가하여 로터 동력의 예측이 가능하도록 하였다. 또한, look-up table을 다양한 레이놀즈수 영역에서 적용하기 위해서 레이놀즈수 보정법을 사용하였다. 계산 결과는 동축 반전로터와 탠덤로터의 실험 결과를 이용하여 검증하였다. 동축 반전로터 검증에서 본 연구에서와 같이 블레이드의 두께효과가 고려되어 해석될 경우 실험치와 더 가까운 결과를 얻음을 확인하였다. 탠덤형 로터 검증 시 특정한 간격에서 와류 상호작용에 의한 와류 불안정성이 존재하였다. 이 경우 후류의 불안정성은 단일로터의 후류를 각 로터의 초기 후류형상으로 이용하는 방법을 통해 제거할 수 있었다. 검증된 코드를 이용하여 로터 간격에 따른 공력성능의 차이를 운동량 이론과 비교하였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산유체공학회 1995년도 추계 학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.118-125
• /
• 1995

This paper presents the result of a computational study on the wake characteristics of two tanker models. i.e HSVA and DYNE hull forms. The focus of the study is on the distributions of axial. radial and tangential velocities of the two hull forms in way of the propeller, especially over the propeller disk. The effect of bilge vortices on the velocity distribution is also concerned. For the computation of stern and wake flows of the two hull forms. the incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are numerically solved by the use of a second order finite difference method, which employs a four stage Runge-Kutta scheme with a residual averaging technique and the Baldwin-Lomax model. The calculated pressure distributions on the hull surface and the axial. radial and tangential velocity distributions over the propeller disk are presented for the two hull forms. Finally, the result of wake analysis for the computed wake distribution over the propeller disk is given in comparison with those for the experimental wake distribution for the both hull forms.