• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.157-177
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• 2005

In many countries, a Single Window system for simplifications is establishing in order to reduce works submitted double data and compliance costs. A Single Window is defined as a facility that allows parties involved in trade and transport to lodge standardized information and documents with a single entry point to fulfil all import, export, and transit-related regulatory requirements. A Single window can bring improved level of security, faster clearance and reduced compliance costs. UN/CEFACT released "Recommendation and Guidelines on establishing a Single Window to enhance the efficient exchange of information between trade and government". Also, WCO has made progress several projects to assist effective establishing a single window, i.e. CDM, UCR, ICT. Korea has being established a single window system, "e-trade platform" connected with trade, clearance, logistics, marketing and payment system. Some suggestions to establish a effective single window system in Korea are as follows. Firstly, it is necessary to clearly define roles and responsibilities of a lead agency in a single window system and form a organic relationship with PGA. Secondly, a single window system has to be progressed by stages, namely, customs clearance portal system should be established first, and later established e-trade platform. Lastly, the Korean government has to take part in CDM project to gain an advantage over other countries.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.143-158
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• 2005

The purpose of the paper is to analyze situations and its prospect of Single Window System for custom's one-stop service in Japan and to suggest effective application was to improve of in Korea's Customs systems. In response to the growing demand for lower trading costs and shorter and more predictable lead times with the advancement of the international trade supply chain, the Single Window System for import/export and port-related procedures was launched on 23 July 2003 in Japan. The concept of the Single Window System is to establish a comprehensive computer interface system that enables users to complete all import/export and port-related procedures required under different laws and regulations in a single input and single transmission. To realize the concept, the data elements and submission times of the various systems were harmonized, and manual procedures, such as quarantine and immigration, were computerized. Then, all the necessary systems, such as NACCS, Port EDI System, and Crew Landing Permit Support System, were interconnected as a Single Window System. Close cooperation among other governmental organizations and the private sector was a key factor in the successful development and smooth utilization of the System so that it fully met all parties' needs. It is anticipated that operating costs will be greatly reduced and trade facilitation will be enhanced as a result of the simplification of procedures. Korea Customs advocates the Single Window System as a best practice at ASEAN and WCO to contribute to the development of regional and international capacity building.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.142-152
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• 2021

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the World Customs Organization (WCO) emphasize securing supply chain security through mutual cooperation between aviation security and customs by establishing a standardized security system by regulations, procedures and practices of international air cargo. Accordingly, in accordance with the Aviation Security Act, the known consignors system aims to secure cargo security before loading air cargo into the aircraft, while the customs AEO system is a public-private cooperation program that focuses on simplification of customs clearance procedures. These systems basically have the same purpose of effectively identifying high-risk cargo through a risk-based approach in international air cargo transportation and preventing risks in advance, and the content that a common basic standard for cargo security must be established is also similar. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a cooperation system by simplifying problems such as cumbersome and redundant authentication procedures and on-site verification through coordination of security requirements for mutual recognition between the two systems. As a result, it is necessary to establish a process for coordinating security and customs' supply chain security program and maximize the effect of harmonizing supply chain security by strengthening the linkage between known consignors and AEO.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2004

In developed and industrialized countries life expectancy has increased significantly over the past century. As a consequence, the proportion of elderly individuals in these countries has also enlarged with the resulting increased burden on health care providers. In many developing countries the problem of age related and other eye disorders has far outstripped the ability to manage them. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced an initiative: Vision 2020 - The Right to Sight, with the objective of eliminating preventable blindness by the year 2020. This paper reviews the broad range of conditions involving external and internal structures of the eye and also the effects of aging on visual functions. It is hoped that this will provide a stimulus for increased study of these disorders, improved clinical diagnosis, and an enhanced interest and role in contributing to the objectives of the WHO and the World Council of Optometry with respect to early diagnosis, prevention and management of the diseases and disorders of the eye that are more prevalent in old age.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2001

Rapid backpulsing to reduce membrane fouling of hollow fiber ultrafiltration module (polyacrylonitrile with 50000 l'vlWCO, 1.4 rom OD and 0,9 mm ID) was studied with latex solutions. Values estimated by a theoretical model were compared with the ones obtained from the systems with or without backpulsing, Specific Cake resistance, time consUmt for cake growth, diffusion coefficient, and the rate constants of fnur fouling models; the complete, intermediate. standard blocking and cake filtration were calculated to obtain the theoretical values. High frequency backpulsing gave net increase of fluxes by 40~120%. Fluxes predicted by the model were in good agreement with experimental ones within 14% error bound, The optimum backpulsing strength was acquired at 20% in the ranges of 20~40% strength and the optimum frequcncv was acquired at 2 Hz in the ranges of 0.67~3 Hz.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.333-354
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• 2011

After the terrorist attack of 9/11 on the USA, the security concern to global trade has been raised. In particular, the USA has actively promoted a series of initiatives and rules such as CSI, 24 hour rule, C-TPAT, and so on in the area of logistics activities, which aimed to better protect the country against the potential terrorist threats. While implementing such schemes called as a multi-layed logistics security strategy, a large number of countries trading with USA are facing with the issues of additional time and costs for inspecting cargos in their logistics facilities. As a result, most countries all over the world have sought a way to minimize the impacts from such strategy. The Korea also is preparing the several security programs operated by various ministries, which are aiming to not only improve the efficiency of trade flows but also to ensure supply chain security. However, many companies are expressing the inefficiency of operating such programs. Thus, this paper analyzed several global supply chain security programs currently adopted by international organizations(ISO, WCO, and IMO) and major countries(USA, EU, and Singapore) and suggested a guideline for developing the national logistics security system.