• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.903-910
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• 2011

The research was carried out in order to find climate factors which determine the distribution of Machilus thunbergii, and the potential habitats under the current climate and three climate change scenario by using classification tree (CT) model. Four climate factors; the minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC), the warmth index (WI), summer precipitation (PRS), and winter precipition (PRW) : were used as independent variables for the model. The model of distribution for Machilus thunbergii (Mth-model) constructed by CT analysis showed that minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC) is a major climate factor in determining the distribution of M. thunbergii. The area above the $-3.3^{\circ}C$ of TMC revealed high occurrence probability of the M. thunbergii. Potential habitats was predicted $9,326km^2$ under the current climate and $61,074{\sim}67,402km^2$(South Korea: $58,419{\sim}61,137km^2$, North Korea: $2,655{\sim}6,542km^2$) under the three climate change scenarios (CCCMA-A2, CSIRO-A2, HADCM3-A2). The Potential habitats was to predicted increase by 51~56%(South Korea: 49~51%, North Korea: 2~5%) under the three climate change scenarios. The potential expand of M. thunbergii habitats has been expected that it is competitive with warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. M. thunbergii is evaluated as the indicator of climate change in Korea and it is necessary for M. thunbergii to monitor of potential habitats.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.61-83
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• 1997

The flora of evergreen broad-leaved forest regions in the islands off the south & east seashore was undertaken three times between August to October, 1995. The total number of vascular plants surveyed in the studied areas were summarized as 434 taxa; 105 families 297 genera 380 species 49 varieties 1 subspecies and 4 formas. The vascular plants were classified as 56 taxa 32 families 53 genera 50 species 6 varieties in Mokdo, 92 taxa 47 families 80 genera 81 species 9 varieties and 2 forms in Mijo-ri, 68 taxa 47 families 65 genera 58 species 9 varieties and 1 forms in Mijodo, 57 taxa 39 families 52 genera 53 species 4 varieties in Kkamakseom, 124 taxa 59 families 105 genera 112 species 11 varieties 1 subspecies in Aedo, 90 taxa 46 families 75 genera 83 species 7 varieties in Sayangdo, 135 taxa 63 families 111 genera 147 species 13 varieties in Kumodo, 78 taxa 40 families 67 genera 69 species 9 varieties in Chudo, 142 taxa 67 families 113 genera 120 species 20 varieties and 2 forms in Mira-ri, 184 taxa 73 families 150 genera 160 species 24 varieties 1 subspecies in Maengseon-ni, and 196 taxa 79 families 156 genera 172 species 24 varieties 1 subspecies and 1 forms in Yesong-ni. Conservation measures of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the areas, at both the habitat and species levels, are urgently needed to mitigate against destructive human activities, such as unreasonable management and trampling.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2016

As an attempt to determine the identity of the old trees of flowering cherries planted in the yard of the Catholic Archdiocese of Daegu, we conducted comparative phylogenetic analyses between wild and cultivated Prunus yedoensis Matsum. We generated the phylogeny (MP) and haplotype network (TCS) of 25 individuals, including wild P. yedoensis, from Jeju Island, cultivated P. ${\times}$yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' from Korea and Japan, and P. spachiana f. ascendens (Makino) Kitam. from Jeju Island and Japan based on highly informative sequences of two cpDNA regions (rpl16 gene and trnS-trnG intergenic spacer). The wild and cultivated P. yedoensis were distinguished from each other in both the phylogeny and haplotype networks, and the old flowering cherry trees in Daegu had a cpDNA haplotype identical to that of the cultivated P. ${\times}$yedoensis 'Someiyoshino'. Compared to the cultivated P. ${\times}$yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino', wild P. yedoensis appears to have greater haplotype diversity, presumably originating from the genetic diversity of P. spachiana f. ascendens that functioned as a maternal parent in the hybrid origin of wild P. yedoensis. A future detailed study requires extensive sampling of P. spachiana f. ascendens from Japan and Korea to determine their precise phylogenetic relationships relative to wild and cultivated P. yedoensis. We concluded that the old flowering cherry trees planted in the yard of the Catholic Archdiocese of Daegu are highly likely to be of cultivated origin rather than wild types from Jeju Island, as previously speculated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2000

The ecological characteristics of 10 natural stands of Dendropanax morbifera(Haenam, Wando 1, Wando 2, Bogildo, Kemundo and Hongdo and Sendol, Suoak, Hannam, and Kidowon populations in Cheju island) were studied. In most of the Dendropanax morbifera natural stands, the following tree species appeared predominantly : Camellia japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. sieboldii, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus acute and Eurya japonica. Especially, Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica appeared in all the stands. Dendropanax morbifera occupied 17.2% of the upper story, 12.9% of the middle story, and 10.3% of the lower story, respectively. The distribution patterns by Morisita's Index showed that Dendropanax morbifera was distributed randomly in all of the three stories, i.e. the upper, the middle and the lower stories. Dendropanax morbifera was positively associated with Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Carpinus laxiflora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Ligustrum japonicum, Callicarpa Japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Acer palmatum and Euonymus oxyphyllus. This might suggest that the ecological niche is similar to each other. The cluster analysis using percent dissimilarity(PD) based on species composition divided into two groups. One group consisted of the populations located along the south-western coasts. The other group consisted of the populations of Cheju island. This result was agree with that of ordination analysis. From these results, We could find out that the species composition of the populations of Dendrapanax morbifera in Cheju island was quite different from those of other regions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.250-254
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• 2006

To elucidate cytogenetic differences, karyotype analysis and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 45S and 5S rDNAs were carried out in the three Astragalas species: Astragalas membranaceus Bunge, A. membranaceus var. alpinus Nakai and A. mongholicus Bunge. The somatic metaphase chromosome numbers of all three species were 2n=2x=16 and the size of chromosomes ranged $2.19{\sim} 5.73\;{\mu}m$. The chromosome complement of A. membranaceus consisted of each four pairs of metacentrics (chromosomes 3,4,6 and 7) and submetacentrics (chromosomes 1,2,4 and 8). In A. membranaceus var. alpinus, the chromosome complement consisted of two pairs of metacentrics (chromosomes 4 and 8) and six pairs of submetacentrics (chromosomes 1,2,3,5,6 and 7). A. mongholicus had three pairs of metacentrics (chromosomes 6,7 and 8) and five pairs of submetacentrics (chromosomes 1,2,3,4 and 5). Using bicolor-FISH, one pair of 45S and 5S rDNA signals could be detected on the centromeric regions of chromosomes 8 and 7 of A. membranaceus and A. mongholicus, respectively. In contrast, A, membranaceus var. alpinus had one pair of 45S signals on the centromeric region of chromosome 8 and two pairs of 5S rDNA signals on the short arms of chromosomes 7 and 8.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2020

This study analyzed the Planting Prototype of Haengdan(杏壇)is the One of the traditional planting techniques and the value of natural monument plant and derived the value of the ginkgo tree in Sejong-ri as a natural monument. The results are as follows; First, ginkgo trees have high environmental adaptability, practicality and visual value. There were also many ginkgo trees that were deeply related to Confucian and Buddhist ideas. Ginkgo trees accounted for the largest portion of the number of old tree designated as natural monuments in recognition of their value. Second, after analyzing the historical and cultural values of ginkgo trees, ginkgo trees became the place of gardens and buildings by symbolizing Confucius(孔子)' Confucian ideas. In Buddhism, it was related to the creation of temples or the achievements of ancient monks. The people had a symbol of the prosperity of their offspring and the succession of the family. Third, in 1024 gongdobo, the grandson of Confucius, rebuilt the shrine, installed the platform in the central position and planted ginkgo trees. It originated from what he called "the "haengdan(杏壇)." The tree was then recorded as "heungheang(紅杏)" which was written by Wang Jae-jin's poetry during the Ming Dynasty. Thus it was misused as apricot tree. The cause of this is due to the same kanji reading. or it can be seen as influence on the taoism. But Korea has been sticking to the use of the first ginkgo trees. Forth, biologically, the Sejong-ri ginkgo tree is characterized by the composition of a pair of male trees. The landscape is contrasted with the twisted male tree and vertical female trees. In addition, in terms of authenticity and integrity, the relationship between Admiral Im, Nan-Su(林蘭秀) of the Goryeo Dynasty and the ginkgo tree is found in various literature.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2010

This study used a bio-social approach in classifying the vegetation communities of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Hongdo island of Korea, and the results are as follows: Quercus acuta community, Daphniphyllum macropodum community, and Carpinus coreana community. The composition of soil properties in the same areas are as follows:soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg contained, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH. The capacities of these chemical properties of the soil ranged from 6.49~13.71%, 0.1 9~0.46%, 26.1 9~10.63(mg/kg), 0.24~0.56($cmol^+$/kg), 0.68~3.19($cmol^+$/kg), 0.83~1.82($cmol^+$/kg), 9.74~22.55($cmol^+$/kg), and 4.04~4.14 respectively. The Carpinus coreana community was found in the high elevation areas; Quercus acuta community, and Darphniphyllum macropodum community were also found in the low elevation. However, Quercus acuta communiη, compared with Daphnihyllum macropodum community, was found in the areas that contained more total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.278-289
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• 2007

This study investigated species formation and their vegetation on the roadsides of 1100 Road and 5 16 Road in Hallasan National Park from August 2004 to December 2006 to provide basic data for distributional attribute of the naturalized plants. The vascular plants investigated on the roadsides of Hallasan National Park were found to be 62 families, 145 genera, 197 taxa in total, in which naturalized plants were recorded as 11 families, 29 genera, and 37 taxa. The floristic formation at 1100 Roadside was composed of Festuca arundinacea-Dactylis glomerata association, which was again divided into Trifolium pratense-Plantago lanceolata sub-association and Sasa quelpaertensis-Gleichenia japonica sub-association. The florisitic composition of the 5 16 Roadside was sorted as Festuca arundinacea-Dactylis glomerata association, Oplismenus undulatifolius-Potentilla fragarisiiforlia, elatior association, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and etatior-Persicaria thunbergii association. Among the naturalized plants distributed at this area, the annual plant accounts for 51.4%[19 taxa] and the plant of European origin accounts for 70.3%[26 taxa]. As for the background of the introduction of these plants, the case of introduction for forage or a mixture with grain and for pasture was 35.1% and 21.6% respectively, showing higher introduction circumstances than others. As shown in the study, most of the roadsides were occupied by the naturalized plants- Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata association and various naturalized plants; thus we can assume that it's because Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata association were mostly used for re-vegetation of the destroyed areas due to road construction or expansion or road maintenance and improvement project.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.530-536
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• 2006

Hardwood cutting propagation and early growth characteristics were investigated in order to develop the method of cutting propagation and to find out growth characteristics in the low altitude for in situ and ex situ conservation of Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum K. Koch, which is typical arctic alpine plants on Mt. Halla. The growth of roots and shoots was different depending on hormone concentrations or soil conditions. The survival rate, rooting rate, root growth, number of root and shoot growth increased with treatment of 100 mg/l or 500 mg/l NAA. Consequently, optimum condition of hardwood cutting was at treatment with 100 mg/l or 500 mg/l NAA. When plantlets from hardwood cuttings were exposed to the field condition, after 7 months survival rate was 73.3% without shading while $91.1{\sim}94.4%$ at shading conditions. In the green house, however, survival rate of plantlets were $95.6{\sim}97.8%$ without shading. The growth of plantlets was different depending on sites and shading conditions. Particularly, the best growth was obtained when the plantlets were grown in shading conditions. It indicates that relative humidity and light intensity are correlated with the growth in the low altitude area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.558-570
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• 2009

The vascular plants in Jeju composed of 21 families 62 genera, 190 species, 7 varieties with 197 taxa in Pteridophyta, 3 families 5 genera, 7 species, 3 forma with 10 taxa in gymnosperm (Coniferophyta) and 143 families 703 genera, 1,622 species, 114 varieties and 47 forma with 1,783 taxa in Endospermae. The total number of taxa was 1,990 consisting 167 families, 770 genera, 1,818 species, 121 varieties and 50 forma. Three families, 4 genera 4 species and 1 variety in Pteridophyta and 1 family, 1 genus I species, 1 forma of Coniferophyta were endemic to Jeju. Five families, 8 genera and 8 species in the Monocotyledonae of Endospermae and 23 families, 32 genera, 21 species, 16 varieties and 7 forma and 44 taxa in Cholipetalae, and 9 families, 24 genera, 12 species, 13 varieties and 7 forma, total 32 taxa in Sympetalae were endemic to Jeju. Total 90 taxa with 41 families, 69 genera, 46 species, 29 varieties and 15 forma were drawn up as endemic plants in Jeju. As the numbers show on, Jeju has more biodiversity especially plant diversity than any other places in Korea. It was an important region in regard to geographical position. The rarity on plants from Jeju has been assessed based on the IUCN red list categories and criteria at both regional and global levels. There was one species in each extinct (EX) and extinct in the Wild (EW). The EX and EW species were Rhododendron saisiuense Nakai (Ericaceae) and Asplenium antiquum Makino (Aspleniaceae), respectively. Three taxa, Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae), Lycopodium sieboldii Miq., and Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Serm (Lycopodiaceae) were species that is extinct in the region (RE). Sixty-one taxa were critically endangered (CR), 13 were endangered (EN), and 83 were vulnerable (VU) at regional level. The taxa listed on a Red List corresponds 26.9% of total taxa in Jeju. At global level, there were 19 taxa in CR, 4 in EN, and 1 in VU (Vulnerable) as the category of threat. The rest taxa (133 taxa) were classified as Least Concern (LC). According to the results of the assessment, conservation measures must be taken for total of 157 species that were categorized in threaten including one of EX, one of EW and three extinct in the region immediately. Of 157 species, 61 were CR, 13 are EN and 83 were VU.