• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1394-1408
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• 1968

The tidal discharge is defined as the quantity of water flowing through a certain cross-section per unit of time, in contrast to river discharges, tidal discharges change periodically in magnitude and direction. Thus the total volumes of water flowing into again out of the system-called flood volume and ebb volume, respectively, depend on both the tidal and the river discharges. To ditermine the tidal discharge and the flood and ebb volumes of the Yong-san river, the discharges were measured at spring, mean and neap tide and simultaneous gage reading were taken at Samhak-do, Lower Myo-do, Myongsan-ni and Naju. The general procedure for measuring the tidal discharges was as follows. First, several cross-sections were measured and one of them was chosen. First, several cross-sections were measured and one of them was chosen. Then verticals were serected in the chosen cross section. Because comparatively few verticals should be representative of the discharge distribution over the river profile, the selection was done in accordance with the somtimes irregular bottom profile. The velocities were measured with the same current meters. The observations which included water level readings were continued for a period of about 13 hours. The current direction meter, a pyramid shaped resistance body, suspend in the water on a thin wire. The bubble in a circular tilting level fixed to the wire indicates the direction of the current. Reading were taken at intervals of 1m for depths of 10m or less, and for depths over 10m at intervals of 2m, going downwards and upwards. The averages of the two velocities were used for the computation of the discharges. The discharges and the flood and ebb volumes were ditermined by a graphical method. The mean velocities, corrected for their direction when necesary, were ditermined for each time interval and each vertical, and these velocities were plotted against the time. The resulting curves show possible mistakes very clearly, and the effect of observation errors could be reduced. The corrected velocities read from the curve at half-hour intervals were multiplied by the depth at the virtical at the corresponding time. The discharges thus found were ploted against the position of the vertical in the transit and joined by a smooth curve, integration of the curve rendered the total discharges as they occurred of half-hour intervals. Plotting these total discharges against the time yeilded during the day. The flood and ebb volumes were obtained by integration of the total discharge curve.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.14
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• pp.1-37
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• 1987

The purpose of this research is to expand much more the facilities and collections of public libraries in Korea for performance of its function, for the life-long education institution. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, I looked in to the present conditions of the facilities, collections, service facilities in public libraries and suggested a tentative plan on the basis of every kinds of statistics. The result of this thesis can be summarized as follows : 1. Now, 227, 110 populations of the effective service per library are so many that 181 public libraries in Korea have largely deficient state. To solve, a n.0, pplied for Armstrong's standards (5, 000 populations of the effective service per library, and the number of an elementary school 5, 412 elementary schools in Korea). In the former case should be establish 8, 221 public libraries, in the latter case should be established at least 5, 412 public libraries. 2. The public library in Korea is possessed of building areas of 82, 267 pyong (468 pyong per library). They are very poor state comparing with population. Therefore, the building area should be expand according to population by region. Also, the reading facilities of 88, 455 seats, 465 population of the effective service per seat, are largely insufficient of situation. And consequently they should be secured at least 205, 535 seats with standards of five seats per 1, 000 population. 3. The public libraries in Korea keep collection of 4, 517, 280 volumes. As there are 11 volumes per 100 persons, they are very deficient state in figures. Therefore, in this study, suggested Schenk's standard (1 volume per a person) and IFLA standard (2 volumes per a person). Under the circumstances of our country, however, they should be secure at least 41, 106, 993 volumes with a Schenk's standard of one volume per a person. To meet this kind of necessary conditions, there must not only be a national policy but also be a facility for every residents to utilize for educational place, and to every librarians of public libraries, they have to do their best to open their library to every citizens, when needed, with their self-conceit. Cooperating with policy-makers, users, and librarians, making every endeavors to develope Korean libraries, we can promise the hope that our public library will be progressed towards future.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.343-359
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• 2014

This study investigates how cultural differences between countries affect bilateral trade volumes, using Hofstede's cultural index that reflects nations' cultural characteristics. Empirical analyses of the impacts of Hofstede's five cultural characteristics on bilateral trade volumes are conducted either in each separate equation or simultaneously. Bilateral trade data of OECD countries plus China as of year 2010 is used for regression analysis on gravity model. Regression results from individual equation for each cultural index variable show tthe smaller the index gaps of power distances and uncertainty avoidance among countries, the larger bilateral trade volumes. On the contrary, the larger the index gaps of long-term orientation among countries, the larger bilateral trade volumes. If five Hofstede cultural indexes are regressed in a single equation, however, only variables of power distance and long-term orientation are significant. The analysis largely confirms that bilateral trade among countries with similar culture have much potrential to grow. It implies that policy actions for cultural proximity are very important for furthering bilateral trade.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.289-301
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• 2006

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery triggers the production and release of numerous chemotactic substances and cytokines, ensuing systemic inflammatory response that leads to postoperative major organ dysfunction. Traditionally, corticosteroids (steroid) have been administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery to ward off these detrimental physiologic alterations. However, the majority of the studies have been performed on adult patients with high-dose steroid. We carried out a randomized, prospective, double-blind study to compare the efficacy of low-dose steroid with that of high-dose steroid and to determine the adequate dose of pretreated-steroid for prophylactic effects in pediatric cardiac surgery. Thirty pediatric patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to two groups; fifteen patients received low-dose methylprednisolone (10mg/kg intravenously, n=15, low-dose group) and the others received high-dose methylprednisolone (30mg/kg intravenously, n=15, high-dose group) 1 hour prior to CPB. Arterial blood samples were taken before CPB (Pre-CPB), 10 minutes after start of CPB (CPB-10), and immediately after CPB-end (CPB-OFF) for measuring total leukocyte counts (T-WBC) and diff-counts, platelet counts, interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total antioxidant (TAO), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), troponin I (TNI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Other parameters such as volumes of urine output, pulmonary index $(PI,\;PaO_2/FiO_2)$, mechanical ventilating period, intensive care unit (ICU)-staying period, postoperative complications (fever, wound problem), postoperative 24 hrs and total volumes in blood loss, and hospitalized days were also assessed. All parameters were compared between two groups. There were no significant differences in T-WBC counts, monocyte fraction, platelet counts, TA levels, NSE levels, creatinine levels, BUN levels, the volumes of total urine output, PI, the incidences of fever and wound problem, postoperative 24hrs- and total-blood loss volumes and ICU-staying period between two groups (P>0.05). At CPB-OFF, neutrophil fraction, MPO level, TNI level, and AST level were higher in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group (P<0.05). IL-6 level at CPB-10 was higher in the high dose-group than in the low-dose group (P<0.05). Furthermore, mechanical ventilating periods and hospitalized days of the high-dose group were significantly longer than those of low-dose group (P<0.05). The high-dose group had significantly low lymphocyte fi-action at CPB-OFF compared with the low-dose group (P<0.001). These findings suggest that pretreatment of high-dose steroid is not superior to that of low-dose steroid regrading its potential benefits in pediatric cardiac surgery. Therefore, the conventional strategy of steroid treatment, high-dose pretreatment, should be modified in the cardiac surgery with CPB. However, further studies must be performed on the larger number of patients in as much as small number of patients in this study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.779-788
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• 2009

To establish the fundament for EBM of Traditional Korean Medicine, the papers on Samul-tang which was frequently used in medical institutions of Traditional Korean Medicine were analyzed through researching domestic and international literatures. The papers were classified by the registration of domestic or international journals, by the year of publishment, by experimental methods, by laboratory animals used in biological experiment and by the kinds of studies on biological efficacy. Of total 67 papers on Samul-tang, 58 volumes were registered in domestic journals and 9 volumes were in international journals of which 8 volumes were in SCI journals. Since 1978, publishments of papers have continuously increased. The papers on instrumental analyses were 6, biological studies were 58 volumes, clinical studies were 3. Instrumental analyses were preceeded with standard compounds(gallic acid, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoic acid, ferulic acid, 5-HMF). And biological studies showed improvement of cardiovascular function and circulation, antianemia, brain protection, immunoregulation, antistress, radioprotection, antifatigue, antiinflammation and antiallergy, antioxidative effect. Through clinical studies, antifatigue, improvement of insomnia and osteoporosis were reported. Samul-tang could be used to tonify and activate blood. And further study on clinical field need to be conducted in accordance with biological study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1738-1746
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• 2002

Research was carried out to ascertain whether or not the volume of saliva flowing into the rumen regulates dry forage intake in ruminants. Goats with a parotid fistula were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, concentrated beef cattle feed and $NaHCO_3$ wice daily (10:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00). Except for the days on which experiments were conducted, the animals were free access to drinking water. The animals were intraruminally infused every day prior to the morning feeding period with parotid saliva collected from the parotid fistula over a 24 h period. The present experiment consisted of three treatments, non-infusion (NI), intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva (RSI), and intraruminal infusion of warm water (RWI). In the RSI treatment, approximately 4-5 kg of parotid saliva (280-290 mOsm/l) collected over a 24 h period was intraruminally infused 1 h prior to the commencement of morning feeding. In the RWI treatment, parotid saliva was substituted for warm water ($36^{\circ}C$). After infusions, the animals were fed on roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h. During feeding, eating and saliva secretion rates were measured. Blood samples were also periodically collected from the jugular vein. After 2 h feeding, water intake was measured for 30 min. These measurements were used to define thirst levels. On the day of the experiment, the animals were not access to drinking water during the morning feeding. It is thought that rumen fill in RSI and RWI treatments was higher than the NI treatment. In comparison with the NI treatment however, cumulative feed intake increased by 39.3% with RSI treatment and by 45.9% with RWI treatment after completion of the 2 h feeding period. After 2 h feeding, thirst level in the RSI treatment showed only a 10% decrease compared to the NI treatment, but thirst level in the RWI treatment decreased 49.8%. Despite the significant differences in thirst levels between RSI and RWI treatments, the cumulative feed intake in both treatments was similar. When comparing accumulated saliva secretion volumes 2 h after feeding, volumes in the RSI treatment were significantly 35.9% lower than the NI treatment while volumes in the RWI treatment were unchanged. However, the volumes of saliva and fluid flowing into the rumen were greater in both RSI and RWI treatments when compared to the NI treatment. The results indicate that the amount of saliva flowing into the rumen is a factor regulating feed intake in ruminants fed on dry forage.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.27-40
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• 2019

Minutes of cabinet meetings (hereafter referred to as "minutes") offer records on important activities of the government of the Republic of Korea. The National Archives of Korea has implemented a series of preservation for these minutes such as condition survey, deacidification, microfilming, digitization, making boxes, etc. Conservation treatment plans were further established in 2018 to pursue more preservation of over 2,000 volumes of minutes based on the result of the condition survey of the minutes. Among ninety-seven volumes that require conservation treatments, six volumes have been treated so far. A major concern of conservation treatment of minutes was found that a single volume of minutes contains 800 pages, leading to heavier and bulkier than most of other bound volumes. This paper presents the measures taken to solve the problems resulting from this bulky structure of the bound minutes. It is expected that the study will offer an opportunity to consider effective conservation methods for records on paper of which the physical shapes are yet to be determined.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 1998

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is known to be an effective process to remove the contaminants from the soils by enhancing the vaporization of organic compounds using forced vapor flows or applying vacuum through soils. Experiments are carried out to investigate the effects of the organic contaminants, types of soils, and water contents on the removal efficiency with operating time. In the study, simulated soils include the glass bead which has no micropore, sand and molecular sieve which has a large volume of micropores. As model organic pollutants, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, and trichloroethylene are selected. Desorption experiments are conducted by flowing nitrogen gas. Under the experimental conditions, it is found that there are linear relationships between logarithm of removal efficiency and logarithm of number of pore volumes. The number of pore volumes are defined as the total amount of air flow through the soil column divided by the pore volume of soil column. For three organic compounds studied, the removal rate is slow for no water content, while the number of pore volumes for removal of organic compounds are notably reduced for water contents up to 37%. For the removal of dense organic compound, such as trichloroethylene, a large number of pore volumes are needed. Also, the effects of the characteristics of simulated soils on the removal efficiency of organic compounds are studied. After the characterization of soil surface, porosity of soil columns and types of contaminants, the results could provide a basis for the design of SVE process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.589-599
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• 2014

This paper analyzes the forecasting errors of traffic volumes by comparing forecasted volumes for the opening year with the observed ones in the years after the urban railway construction in the metropolitan areas. The result shows that the average inaccuracy of traffic volumes for each station was estimated at around 7.27. Based on the confirmed factors of demand estimation errors, this study seeks for an alternative method to reduce estimation errors in feasibility studies. It is noted that there is a tendency that the inaccuracy varies by regions and the longer construction period or the shorter station spacing is, the overestimation increases. If urban railway projects are proceeded as planed, therefore, the level of the inaccuracy for traffic volume forecast will be decreased. In addition, thanks to the theoretical progress, recent estimation results show higher accuracy than before. In that sense, when we introduce the new railway line, it is necessary to make an accurate and realistic demand forecast based on actual outcomes and tendency of the previous estimation. The limitation of our study is that we only cover the errors of the initial period, the opening year and deal with the exogenous variables. Further research including other variables which might be considered to cause overestimation or errors would be needed for increasing the estimation accuracy of traffic volumes.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2018

In motorway traffic flow control, the conventional way based on real-time response has been changed into advanced way based on proactive response. Future traffic conditions over multiple time intervals are crucial input data for advanced motorway traffic flow control. It is necessary to overcome the uncertainty of the future state in order for forecasting multiple-period traffic volumes, as the number of uncertainty concurrently increase when the forecasting horizon expands. In this vein, multi-interval forecasting of traffic volumes requires a viable approach to conquer future uncertainties successfully. In this paper, a forecasting model is proposed which effectively addresses the uncertainties of future state based on the behaviors of temporal evolution of traffic volume states that intrinsically exits in the big past data. The model selects the past states from the big past data based on the state evolution of current traffic volumes, and then the selected past states are employed for estimating future states. The model was also designed to be suitable for data management systems in practice. Test results demonstrated that the model can effectively overcome the uncertainties over multiple time periods and can generate very reliable predictions in term of prediction accuracy. Hence, it is indicated that the model can be mounted and utilized on advanced data management systems.