• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.856-864
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate effects of mixed organic acids (MOA) on nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acids composition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs fed high wheat bran diet. Methods: Six crossbred barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$), with an average body weight $78.8{\pm}4.21kg$, fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were allotted to a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 3 periods and 3 diets. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 2-d total collection of feces and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean-wheat bran basal diet (CTR), mixed organic acid 1 diet (MOA1; CTR+3,000 mg/kg OA1), mixed organic acid 2 diet (MOA2; CTR+2,000 mg/kg OA2). Results: Pigs fed MOA (MOA1 or MOA2) showed improved (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy, dry matter and organic matter, and pigs fed MOA2 had increased (p<0.05) ATTD of neutral detergent fiber compared to CTR. Dietary MOA supplementation decreased (p<0.05) pH value, and improved (p<0.01) concentrations of lactic acid and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in ileum compared to CTR. Pigs fed MOA showed higher (p<0.05) concentration of acetic acid, and lower (p<0.05) content of formic acid in feces compared to CTR. Pigs fed MOA1 had increased (p<0.05) concentration of TVFA and butyric acid in feces. Pigs fed MOA1 showed higher concentration of Lactobacillus and lower concentration of Escherichia in feces compared to CTR. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of MOA 1 or 2 could improve nutrients digestibility, TVFA concentration and intestinal flora in growing-finishing pigs fed high fiber diet.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.103-118
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• 2024

The aim of this study is to compare the quality characteristics of dry-cured loins with different levels of proteolysis and lipid oxidation and to investigate the relationship between these factors on quality characteristics. The dry-cured loins were divided into four groups [proteolytic index (PI) and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of high levels (HH), PI of high level and TBARS of low level (HL), PI of low level and TBARS of high level (LH), and PI and TBARS of low levels (LL)] based on the proteolysis index and TBARS. Moisture, protein, and fat content were all significantly influenced by proteolysis and lipid oxidation (p<0.05). The total fatty acid content in the high proteolysis groups (HH and HL) was significantly lower than that in the low proteolysis groups (LH and LL; p<0.05). For total free amino acid content, HH was the highest, and LL was the lowest (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between HL and LH (p>0.05). In the amount of total volatile compounds, there was no significant difference between HH and HL (p>0.05), but LH and LL significantly differed (p<0.05). In conclusion, proteolysis and lipid oxidation can influence the quality characteristics of dry-cured loin. Additionally, proteolysis might be as influential in generating volatile compounds as lipid oxidation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1996

The removal efficiencies of organic substrates, nitrogen and phosphorus in the anaerobic-aerobic biological phosphorus removal process were investigated by addition of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid which are normal volatile fatty acids contained in anaerobic digester supernatants. Substrate utilization coefficients for the phosphorus release and uptake were also estimated. The effect of a VFA, which showed higher phosphorus removal efficiency than the other VFAs did, was also studied in an anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic biological nutrient removal process. For the anaerobic-aerobic process added by VFA, the phosphorus removal efficiencies were up to about 68%, 55% and 61% for the reactors of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid added, respectively, which indicates the efficiencies were increased by about 8-21%, comparing to that of 47% for the reactor with no VFA added. There were no significant difference in removal efficiencies for organic substrate and $NH_3-N$ without regard to addition of VFA. However, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen was increased in the case of VFA added, since $NO_3-N$ was less produced. For the anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic process added VFA, the removal efficiencies for $NH_3-N$ and $PO{_4}^{3-}-P$ were increased by 5% and 13%, respectively, comparing with them in the reactors not added VFA.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the different physicochemical properties of various lipid sources in beef patties during storage for 6 months. Four groups of samples were made of beef meat patties with 22% of tallow, lard, chicken fat and 20% of palm oil. On the analysis result of physicochemical compositions, the patty has its own fatty acids composition and characteristic different from other lipids. Patty with chicken fat has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid composition of 61.0% compared to the other groups of patties. Beef patty with chicken fat has 18.8% of poly unsaturated fatty acid(USFA) and beef patty with beef lipid has 1.5% of poly USFA which is the least percentage among the others. SFA/USFA ratio of beef patty with chicken lipid was 0.5 which was the least value. The composition of PUFA in beef patty with lard increased to 10.0% from 1.9% over initial value after storage for 6 months. On the contrary, the composition of PUFA in beef patty with chicken fat decreased to 9.2% from 18.8% over initial value after 6 months. Volatile free fatty acids of beef patties were evaluated with four kinds of lipid sources. Formic acid was the most as of 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in beef patty with tallow, acetic acid was 15$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and heptanoic acid was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g at starting time of storage. However, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid were not detected. After 6 months, formic acid decreased from 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to 7$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in the patty with tallow, from 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to non-detect level in the patty with palm oil, but two the others patties slightly increased. Volatile compounds in meat patties were reported nearly 1000 kinds of chemical compounds. Beef patty with tallow has aldehydes 5.3, alcohol 1.3, hydrocarbon 0.8, ketones 0.2, ester 0.1, furans 0.1, acid 0.04, sulfur 0.03 in peak area at starting and increased to aldehydes 8.5, alcohol 2.1, ketones 0.5, ester 1.0, furans 1.5 in peak area during the storage. But only furans was not detected after 6 months of storage. From starting to 6 months, aldehydes increased 2∼10 times, alcohol increased 2∼3 times, acids 4∼50 times and ester 9∼20 times in beef patties with pork lipid, chicken lipid and palm oil. Some volatile compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes and acids in all kinds of patties significantly increased after 6 months of storage. These increases cause oxidative rancidity taste in meat patties. These results showed that selt-life of meat patties with 4 different lipids were not over 6 months even though they were stored at -20$^{circ}C$. Therefore, they should be classified as off-grade because of oxidative rancidity. Although beef patties with tallow are currently common type, the possibility for new type of hamburg patty can be developed by applying different lipids. Finally, we found out new type of beef patty added with lard, which has the best taste and quality compared to the other common types.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.437-441
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• 1985

우리나라 전통적인 수산발효식품의 풍미성분을 밝힐 목적으로 밴댕이젓 및 주둥치젓이 냄새성분을 분석하고 각 성분들이 냄새에 미치는 기여도를 검토하였다. 휘발성 지방산과 휘발성 아민은 수증기증류법으로 포집하여 분석하고, 휘발성 카르보닐은 $90^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 처리하여 포집하여 GLC로 분석동정하였다. 휘발성 지방산은 밴댕이젓 및 주둥치젓 모두 n-부티르산이 $90.4{\sim}90.5%$로 대부분을 차지하였고, 휘발성아민은 트리메틸아민이 대부분을 차지하였다. 휘발성카르보닐은 밴댕이젓은 2-메틸프로판알 36.2%, 메탄알 28.5%, 프로판알 16.2%로 이 세 성분이 80.9%를 차지하였고, 주둥치젓은 에탄올 44.7%, 2-메틸프로판알 24.1%, 프로판알 14.4%로 82.2%를 차지하였다. 관능검사결과 밴댕이젓. 주둥치젓 모두 휘발성지방산, 휘발성카르보닐, 휘발성아민 순으로 중요한 구실을 하는 성분이라는 것을 알았다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.487-493
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• 2009

본 연구는 유화형 소시지와 유사한 향미 특성을 갖는 저지방 소시지를 개발하기 위해 오일, 당(glucose, fructose), 아미노산(alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, lysine) 및 지방산(oleic/linoleic acid)의 효과를 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 등 지방 오일의 도포는 저지방 소시지의 향미 특성에 큰 영향을 주지 못하였다. 저지방 대조구에 당을 단독으로 첨가한 경우와 당과 아미노산을 혼합한 경우에 몇몇 향미물질에서 유화형 대조구와 차이를 보인 반면 지방산을 혼합 첨가한 경우에는 유화형 대조구와 유사한 향미를 가질 수 있었다. 특히, glucose에 지방산을 첨가하고 glycine과 alanine을 각각 첨가한 경우에 유화형 대조구에서 동정된 향미 화합물과 동일한 농도를 보였다. Lysine의 농도별 첨가에 따른 휘발성 향미 화합물의 특성에서 유화형 대조구에 비해 저지방 대조구에서 높은 농도를 보였던 myristicine은 lysine의 농도를 증가시켜도 유화형 대조구에서 정량된 양과 동일하지 못했다. 유화형 대조구와 가장 유사한 농도를 보인 처리구는 glucose와 지방산에 glycine과 alanine을 각각 첨가한 처리구였다. 결론으로, 저지방 대조구에 당을 단독으로 첨가하거나 당과 아미노산을 혼합한 경우보다 당과 아미노산에 지방산을 복합적으로 혼합하여 첨가하면 유화형 대조구와 더 유사한 향미를 생성할 수 있었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.246-251
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• 2001

As a series of studies on improving quality of seasoned-dried Pacific saury, fatty acid compositions and taste compounds of the seasoned-dried saury treated with liquid smoke (T2 product) were examined during storage, comparing with control (C, seasoning only). In the both samples, the major fatty acids were 22:6n-3, 16:0, 22: In-11I, 20: In-11, 18: In-9, 14:0, 20:5 n-3 and 16:1n-7. The contents of saturated fatty acids in C and T2 increased with increasing storage period, while those of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased. After drying, the contents of 7 non-volatile organic acids contents detected in this study decreased, and the others of non-volatile organic acids, except for malic and citric acids, in both C and T2 decreased with storage period. The contents of nucleotides and their related compounds in both C and T2 decreased with increasing storage period. The content of total free amino acids in raw sample was 556.96 mg/100g and increased up to 895.77 mg/l00 g and 958.40 mg/100g in C and T2, respectively, after drying, and total contents of free amino acids in both C and T2 somewhat decreased after 60 days of storage.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.789-793
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• 1995

전통 화식문화(花食文化)의 재조명을 위한 노력의 일환으로 아카시아 꽃잎의 화학성분 조성을 분석 검토하였다. 꽃잎의 수분함량은 86.6%이었다. 건물량 기준으로 조단백질 24.55%, 조회분 8.51% 및 총당 40.97%은 비교적 높은 함량이었으며, 아스코르브산도 160.44 mg% 함유되어 있었다. 유리당 함량은 건물량으로 fructose 75.23mg/g, sucrose 61.70mg/g 및 glucose 43.69mg/g 순이었고, 무기질은 주로 칼륨, 마그네슘, 칼슘, 철, 나트륨 등이 함유되어 있었다. 지방산 조성은 팔미트산 44.44%, 리놀레산 19.31%, 리노렌산 12.90% 등의 순이었고, 포화지방산과 불포화지방산의 비는 약 1.7 : 1이었다. 분석된 18종의 아미노산 중 필수아미노산의 비는 약 0.32%이었다. 휘발성 향기성분은 대부분이 저비점의 탄화수소류, 알콜류, 에스테르류, 유기산류 등으로 확인되었으며 octadecanoic acid 24.19% benzyl alcohol, 9.41%, linalool 7.05% heptacosane 5.43%, geraniol 4.28% 등이 주요 향기성분이었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.767-791
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• 2023

To evaluate the effect of different cooking methods on the physicochemical quality and volatile organic compounds (VOC) of dairy beef round, twelve beef round pieces were divided into four groups: raw, boiling, microwave, and sous-vide. The sous-vide group had a higher pH than the boiling or microwave groups. The boiling group exhibited the highest shear force and CIE L^*, followed by the microwave and sous-vide groups (p<0.05). The sous-vide group received higher taste and tenderness scores from panelists (p<0.05) and showed significantly higher levels of aspartic and glutamic acids than the other groups. The sous-vide and microwave groups had the highest oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, respectively. The sous-vide group had significantly higher hypoxanthine and inosine levels than the other groups. However, the microwave group had higher inosine monophosphate levels than the other groups. The sous-vide group had a higher alcohol content, including 1-octen-3-ol, than the other groups. Octanal and nonanal were the most abundant aldehydes in all groups. (R)-(-)-14-methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol, p-cresol, and 1-tridecyne were used to distinguish the VOC for each group in the multivariate analysis. Sous-vide could be effective in increasing meat tenderness as well as taste-related free amino acid (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) and fatty acid (oleic acid) levels. Furthermore, specific VOC, including 1-octen-3-ol, 2-ethylhexanal ethylene glycol acetal, and 2-octen-1-ol, (E)-, could be potential markers for distinguishing sous-vide from other cooking methods. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the predominant association of these VOC with the sous-vide cooking method.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.200-211
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 저온농축열탈착법을 이용하여, 4가지 유기지방산 및 9가지 휘발성유기화합물을 포함하는 13가지 성분의 분석기법을 비교연구하였다. 저온농축열탈착법을 이용한 유기지방산의 분석기법을 평가하기 위해, 5가지 흡착소재 각각에 대해 5점 검량에 기초한 비교를 시도하였다. 그 결과, 유기지방산 및 휘발성 유기화합물에서 Carbopack X를 충진한 고체흡착관의 response factor (RF)가 가장 높은수준을 유지하면서, 유기지방산과 휘발성유기화합물의 동시분석에 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 Tenax TA 단일소재를 제외하면, 조사에 이용한 대부분의 흡착제도 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 저온농축열 탈착법의 검정을 위한 임의의 방안으로 기체상 표준시료를 저온농축열탈착법과 알칼리흡수법으로 동시에 비교분석하였다. 그 결과, 유기지방산에서 저온농축열탈착법 대비 알칼리흡수법의 비율 (T/S비)이 0.46 (valeric acid)~0.71 (isovaleric acid)으로 나타나 저온농축열탈착법의 결과가 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 보다 안정적인 분석조건을 찾기 위한 연구를 추가적으로 지속한다면, 유기지방산의 분석법을 향상시키는 것이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.