• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2005

This study aims to analyze interior spatial characteristics of Korean single-family house which were designed by architects. For that purpose, plans, pictures and data of Korean single-family 113 houses which appeared in architectural publications from 1998.7 to 2002.6. were collected. The results of this study are the followings; 1) the ratio of southern-facing is higher in living room and master bedroom than in dining room and kitchen; 2) spatial elements of master bedroom are bedroom, bathroom and dressroom, those of dining room and kitchen are dining room, kitchen and multipurpose room and those of family bathroom are bathroom and restroom; 3) the living room does not located in the center of the plan; 4) the ratio of exterior door is higher in kitchen and master bedroom than in dinning room and living room; 5) stairs located in hall, corridor, livingroom etc., 6) there are void spaces in about half of houses which were collected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.201-210
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• 1995

In Resent years, urban tunnels have been more deeply constructed due to the congestion of buried steuctures. In such conditions, the shield method has become one of the popular urban tunnelling method by reason of several characteristics ; safety of construction, mimium environmental damage, and workbility. In tunnelling, the space which is tail-void are created between the ground and the other face of the primary lining. in other to reduce the ground seformation, it is important backfilling in tail-void. In this paper, the result of an experimental investigation undertaken to evaluate the physical and mechanical propeties of grouts composed of various mixtures of backfill materials. And the backfill injection model test was carried out considering the effects of tail-void.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2014

Shear wave velocity was used to estimate the geotechnical characteristics (void ratio and shear strength) of ground near an underground rainfall storage facility. An oedometer cell was utilized to measure the shear wave velocity and the displacement of specimens. Shear strengths were obtained by direct shear tests. The relationships along the shear wave velocity, void ratio, and shear strength were verified and used to infer the shear strength profile with the depth. In addition, changes in shear strength due to the construction of the underground rainfall storage system were estimated using the suggested method. The results show that the in-situ shear strength deduced from the shear wave velocity-void ratio-shear strength relationship is in good agreement with that obtained from an in-situ investigation (SPT).

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.03b
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• pp.647-654
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• 2000

During consolidation, the permeability of clay decreases with void ratio because of the reduction in total void space. After Kozeny(1927) and Carman(1956), many researchers have proposed the relations between void ratio and permeability. Most of the relations are expressed in the following forms as : (1) log e - log k(1+e), (2) e - log k, or (3) log e - log k. These relations have been found valid for a large number of normally consolidated clays. From laboratory test(CRS and I $L_{CON}$) results, the relation between void ratio and permeability of Kimhae clay was well defined in all of the three forms. Permeability change index, $C_{k}$, of Kimhae clay was in the range of 0.64~1,03 and average value of $C_{k}$ was 0.821. And the test results satisfied the experimental correlation between $C_{k}$ and e, $C_{k}$=0.5e. In log e - log k(1+e) relation, constant C was in the range of 1.91~4.74$\times$10$^{-8}$ cm/sec and n was in the range of 3.74~4.60.c and n was in the range of 3.74~4.60.74~4.60.0.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find the complementary idea of the psychological elements in aesthetic expression of architectural space in the sense of healing. Marks $L\ddot{u}scher$, the swiss psychologist suggested reasonable categories of emotional character according to the couple combinations among Content, Self-Esteem, Confidence, and Liberty. His theory on healing is not only the concept but the practical method to understand and control the conflict between contrary elements of emotion. Compared to the Freud's objective theory of cause and consequence, his idea is focused on the subjective and autonomous harmony. This theory based on complementary idea is applied to psychological attitude of architects on Spatial Expression in this study. Refuge, Prospect, Flow and Void are assumed as equivalent spatial elements to the four major emotional conditions suggested by $M.L\ddot{u}scher$. The couple combinations among them also characterize the architectural characters definitely and it is expected to be the reasonable criteria in analysing aesthetic value and motive of creating human space.

• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.395-402
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• 2019

The RFI process is an OoA process that fiber mats and resin films are laminated and cured in a vacuum bag. In case that resin film is insufficient to fill empty space in fibers, it makes void defect in composites and this void decrease mechanical properties of the composites. For this reason, non-destructive testing is usually used to evaluate void of manufactured composites. So, in this study, a manufacturing method of standard void specimens, which are able to be used as references in non-destructive testing, was proposed by controlling resin film thickness in the RFI process. Also, a fiber compaction test was proposed as a method to set the resin film thicknesses depending on target voids of manufacturing panels. The target void panels of 0%, 2%, and 4% were made by the proposed methods, and signal attenuation depending on void was measured by non-destructive testing and image analysis. In addition, voids of specimens for tensile, in-plane, short beam and compressive tests were estimated by signal attenuation, and mechanical properties were evaluated depending on the voids.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

This study is intended to derive the adaptive reuse techniques through the history and aspects of new construction, extension, repair, and other works, limited to the deep and narrow lots facing Seongan-gil and Nammun-gil in Nammun-ro 2 ga of Cheongju, the historic urban area. The results are as follows. 1) In the case of newly built reinforced concrete buildings, the central part of the top floor of the residence or all floors are opened to the open space(void) to facilitate lighting and ventilation. This is developed as a convection phenomenon due to the temperature difference from the slits between buildings, which affects the entire air flow of the block. 2) The buildings of extension and repair are composed of two-story masonry or steel frame, both the front store facing the road and the house on the back, but it looks like one because it is in contact with each other. If only a small gap between the front and rear buildings is restored to an external space or a space equipped with sun light, a small breath can be provided in lighting and ventilation. 3) The existing two-story wooden stores and houses have lost their external space due to repairs. With minimal intervention to restore the small courtyard, slits, and space under the eaves, it will not only improve lighting and ventilation, but also create a unique appearance as a segment of the elongated store.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.375-392
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• 2018

The shield TBM method is widely adopted for tunneling works in urban area because it has more beneficial ways to control settlement at ground surface than conventional mined tunneling. In the shield tunneling, backfill grouting at tail void is crucial because it is supposed not only to restraint ground deformation around tail void during excavation but also to compensate precedent ground settlement by pushing up the ground with highly pressurized grout. However, the tail void grouting has been found to be ineffective for settlement compensation particularly in sandy ground, which might be caused by complicate interaction between ground and tail void grouting. In this paper, the effects of tail void grouting on behavior of ground in shield TBM tunneling were investigated based on 3-dimensional finite element analyses. The results of numerical analyses indicated that backfill grouting actually reduces settlement by degrading settlement increasing rate in excavation, which means decrease of volume loss. Meanwhile, the grouting could not contribute to compensate the precedent settlement, because reduction of volume loss by grouting was found to be counterbalanced by volume change of ground.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.613-624
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• 2013

Multi-dimensional two-phase phenomena occur in many industrial applications, particularly in a nuclear reactor during steady operation or a transient period. Appropriate modeling of complicated behavior induced by a multi-dimensional flow is important for the reactor safety analysis results. SPACE, a safety analysis code for thermal hydraulic systems which is currently being developed, was designed to have the capacity of multi-dimensional two-phase thermo-dynamic phenomena induced in the various phases of a nuclear system. To validate the performance of SPACE, a two-dimensional two-phase flow test was performed with slab geometry of the test section having a scale of $1.43m{\times}1.43m{\times}0.11m$. The test section has three inlet and three outlet nozzles on the bottom and top gap walls, respectively, and two outlet nozzles installed directly on the surface of the slab. Various kinds of two-dimensional air/water flows were simulated by selecting combinations of the inlet and outlet nozzles. In this study, two-dimensional two-phase void fraction profiles were quantified by measuring the local gap impedance at 225 points. The flow conditions cover various flow regimes by controlling the flow rate at the inlet boundary. For each selected inlet and outlet nozzle combination, the water flow rate ranged from 2 to 20 kg/s, and the air flow rate ranged from 2.0 to 20 g/s, which corresponds to 0.4 to 4 m/s and 0.2 to 2.3 m/s of the superficial liquid and gas velocities based on the inlet port area, respectively.