• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic durations of Korean vowels followed by either voiced or voiceless consonants. Six healthy adult speakers (2 females and 4 males) recorded nonsense syllables in which voiced (/b, d, g/) or voiceless (/p', t', k', $p^{h},t^{h},k^{h}$) consonants follow three different vowels (/i, a, u/) embedded in a carrier phrase. Results showed that vowels preceding voiced consonants (e.g., haba) were significantly longer in duration than those preceding voiceless consonants (e.g., hiP' a or $hip^{h}a$). Also vowels were longer in duration when occurring before velar-stops than before bilabial-stop and dental-stops. Finally, the duration of the low vowel (/a/) was substantially longer than that of the high vowels (/i, u/). These findings may be applicable to speech synthesis or therapy.

• 인터넷정보학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2013

The multistakeholder model of Internet governance is based on the belief that the stakeholder groups should be able to agree on the rules and principles in governing the Internet space. The global expansion of the sweeping influence of the Internet has heightened the awareness of international governments on the importance of Internet governance, but since the Internet has developed mostly through voluntary participation by various groups, the organization with the greatest ability to manage the Internet space currently is ICANN(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), the U.S. based organization that manages the assignment of Internet domain names and IP addresses. Although ICANN has attempted to globalize its operation, governments in some nations are voicing dissatisfaction over the fact that the voice of the governments are not adequately represented within ICANN. This paper examines how the concept of multistakeholderissm has been used in WSIS(World Summit on Information Society), ICANN(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) and the ITU(International Telecommunication Union) as an important principle in emphasizing their roles in Internet governance.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.144-175
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• 1992

This paper aims to discuss determining factors of Korean allophones and to formulate and classify Korean allophonic rules systematically. The relationship between allophones and coarticulation, the most. influential factor of allophonic variation, is thoroughly investigated. Other factors -- speech tempo and style, dialect, and social factors such as age, set, class etc. -- are also briefly discussed. Allophonic rules are classified into two groups -- 3) those relevant to coarticulation and 2) those irrelevant to coarticulation. Rules of the first group are further classified into four subgroups according to the directionality of the coarticulation. Each allophonic nile formulation is explained and discussed in detai1. The allophonic rules formulated and classified in this paper are 1) Devoicing of Voiced Consonants, 2) Devoicing of Vowels, 3) Nasal Approach and Lateral Approach, 4) Uvularization, 5) Palatalization, 6) Voicing of Voiceless Lax Consonants, 7) Frication, 8) Labialization, 9) Nasalization, 10) Release Withholding and Release Masking, 11) Glottalization, 12) Flap Rule, 13) Vowel Weakening, and 14) Allophones of /ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ/ (which are realized as diphthongs or as monophthongs depending on phonetic contexts).

• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.51-70
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• 2009

This study focuses on the asymmetrical realization of homorganic nasal-obstruent stop clusters in English when they occur word medially and word finally. This uneven realization of NC clusters is not only controlled by the place of articulation of the cluster constituents but also by the agreement of voicing feature specifications of the cluster elements. We propose context-sensitive constraints, which are more specified versions than *NC (Pater, 1996, 1999, 2004). The result of the study reveals that homorganic NC clusters consisting of coronal place feature are faithfully realized word finally while they are constrained word medially. The deletion of voiceless post-nasal coronal stop should be considered a new language specific strategy to avoid *NC.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제35_36호
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• pp.131-143
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• 1998

This study describes an algorithm for the F0 contour generation system for Korean sentences and its evaluation results. 400 K-ToBI labeled utterances were used which were read by one male and one female announcers. F0 contour generation system uses two classification trees for prediction of K-ToBI labels for input text and 11 regression trees for prediction of F0 values for the labels. Evaluation results of the system showed 77.2% prediction accuracy for prediction of IP boundaries and 72.0％ prediction accuracy for AP boundaries. Information of voicing and duration of the segments was not changed for F0 contour generation and its evaluation. Evaluation results showed 23.5Hz RMS error and 0.55 correlation coefficient in F0 generation experiment using labelling information from the original speech data.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.91-95
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• 2005

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of postvocalic voicing(Contrasting voiceless fricative and affricate with voiced fricative and affricate) on vowel duration. In particular we focused on the durational differences between vowels followed by voiceless and voiced consonants across three groups of speakers: English speakers, English bilinguals and Korean learners of English. the result of experimental I showed that durations of vowels preceding voiced fricative and affricates as well as voiced stops are significantly longer than those preceding voiceless counterparts. Experiment Ⅱ indicated that as the subjects exposed themselves longer to English speaking society, their pronunciation was increasingly similar to those of English native speakers.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.59-62
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• 2005

Voice activity detection (VAD) is important in many areas of speech processing technology. Speech/nonspeech discrimination in noisy environments is a difficult task because the feature parameters used for the VAD are sensitive to the surrounding environments. Thus the VAD performance is severely degraded at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In this paper, a new VAD algorithm is proposed based on the degree of voicing and Quantile SNR (QSNR). These two feature parameters are more robust than other features such as energy and spectral entropy in noisy environments. The effectiveness of proposed algorithm is evaluated under the diverse noisy environments in the Aurora2 DB. According to out experiment, the proposed VAD outperforms the ETSI Advanced Frontend VAD.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2021

Preliminary findings are reported from five experiments testing the perceived naturalness of word tokens whose vowel durations are altered. The stimuli were minimal pairs of English words ending in a voiced/voiceless plosive. Results show an asymmetric effect of shortening and lengthening of the vowel on the perceived naturalness of the word. Incremental shortening of vowel duration initially shows a stable degree of perceived naturalness but rapidly deteriorates beyond a certain point. On the contrary, only a small degree of lengthening of the vowel made the perceived naturalness of the word quickly decay, but there was a floor effect such that the perceived degree of naturalness does not lower beyond a certain level. Further, the tokens with the original vowel duration were not always scored higher than the stimuli with a small degree of shortening. Future studies should address the issue of speaking rate and the ratio between the vowel and the stop closure duration to better understand the phenomenon. The issue investigated here has implications on the role of prototypical exemplars in the perception of phonotactic naturalness.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2020

Previous research has indicated that the patterns of phonetic modulations induced by prominence are not consistent across languages but are conditioned by sound systems specific to a given language. Most studies examining the prominence effects in Korean have been restricted to segments in word-initial and phrase-initial positions. The present study, thus, set out to explore the prominence effects for Korean stop consonants in word-medial intervocalic positions. A total of 16 speakers of Seoul Korean (8 males, 8 females) produced word-medial intervocalic lenis and aspirated stops with and without prominence. The prominence was induced by contrast focus on the phonation-type contrast, that is, lenis vs. aspirated stops. Our results showed that F0 of vowels following both lenis and aspirated stops became higher when the target stops received focus than when they did not, whereas voice onset time (VOT) and voicing during stop closure for both lenis and aspirated stops did not differ between the focus and no-focus conditions. The findings add to our understanding of diverse patterns of prominence-induced strengthening on the acoustic realizations of segments.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권39호
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• pp.321-348
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• 2015

이 논문에서는 일본 애니메이션 "Dragon Quest IV"의 음악 감독 코이치 스기야마(Koichi Sugiyama, 1931~)의 작품 "Battle for The Glory"에 나타난 관현악 운용 기법을 필자가 고안한 성부 분할법과 악기 편성 패턴, 리듬 패턴, 보이싱 패턴, 진행구간별 조화비를 기준으로 비교 분석하고, 그 결과를 토대로 관현악 편곡의 체계와 진행원리를 발견하는데 목적을 두었다. 그 결과 첫째, 5개의 주제가 나타난 각 악절은 각각 특정한 악기 편성 패턴을 가지고 있다. 각 주제의 제시와 반복, 재현이 나타나는 악절에서는 동일한 악기 편성 패턴을 유지하여 통일성을 강조하였고, 이와는 대조적으로 새로운 주제가 제시되는 악절에서는 악기의 교체법과 가감법을 사용하여 새로운 악기 편성 패턴으로 다양성을 제고하였다. 둘째, 보이싱 패턴은 전체적으로 전경부는 엷은 보이싱 구조와 중경부는 두터운 보이싱 구조로 구성된 "엷음-두터움"의 수직적 대조관계를 이루고 있다. 그러나, 제3주제는 "두터움-엷음", 제4주제는 2개의 선율을 가진 "엷음-두터움"의 구조로 교체되는 다양성을 제고하고 있다. 셋째, 리듬 패턴은 전체적으로 전경부는 굵은 리듬 구조와 중경부는 잘은 리듬 구조로 구성된 "굵음-잘음"의 수직적 대조관계를 이루고 있다. 그러나, 제5주제에서는 "잘음-굵음"으로 교체되면서 다양성을 부여하고 있다. 넷째, 수평적 관점에서 진행구간별 조화비는 주제가 반복, 재현되는 구간에서는 통일성의 비율이 높고, 새로운 주제가 제시되는 구간에서는 다양성 비율이 높은 것으로 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 이 작품에 사용된 운용 기법을 통해 균형감 있는 관현악 운용 기법은 수직적 관점의 기법을 바탕으로 수평적 진행구간의 다양성 비율 관계를 추출하는 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 이 분석연구가 관현악 기법의 이론체계와 교육방법 확립에 새로운 페러다임으로 자리매김 되었으면 한다.