• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.05b
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• pp.755-758
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 현재 Jazz에서 사용되어지는 화성기법을 Pat Metheny의 작품인 “Question & Answer”를 통해서 알아보았다. D Minor Pentatonic Scale이 선율에 주로 사용된 본 작품은 Intro부분에서는 Quater Voicing이 사용되었다. A 부분에서는 Line Cliche와 D Minor Scale과 D Harmonic Minor Scale의 Diatonic Chord를 사용하였지만 A Aeolian Mode적인 기법이 A부분 셋 번째 단에서 사용되어 Modal적인 분위기도 연출 하였으며 B부분에서는 John Coltrane이 자주 사용하였던 3 Tonic 기법이 사용되면서 동질의 화성이 일정간격으로 움직이는 Constant Structure기법도 사용되었다.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.189-192
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• 2005

This study investigates the asymmetry effect between acoustics and perception. The examined cues are closure duration, closure voicing, VOT, release, pre-vowel duration, post-vowel duration. Five native speakers of English and 30 Korean college students participated in the present study. The results showed that high level Korean English learners parallels native speakers in their responses, while mid and low level Korean learners are substantially different from natives.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

It is a well-known phenomenon that vowel duration in English is generally longer before a voiced stop than a voiceless one. Past research has postulated that the closure duration of the voiceless stop is generally longer than that of the voiced stop and that the duration of a preceding vowel is determined complementarily by the closure duration of the stop. To shed further light on the phenomenon, this study examined fourteen native speakers of American English who read the monosyllabic words [bVC] (V = [i, ɪ, eɪ, ɛ, æ, ʌ, ɑ], C = [t, d]). First, we found that mean vowel duration was 38 ms longer before the voiced stop than the voiceless (mean duration ratio = 1.24). Second, mean closure duration of the voiced stop was only shorter by 5 ms compared to the voiceless stop (mean duration ratio = 0.97). Therefore, for our subjects, vowel duration was not determined complementarily by the closure duration of the following stop. Third, vowels with longer inherent durations (viz., tense, diphthong, and low vowels) tended to show larger duration ratios in the voiced and voiceless contexts than the vowels with shorter durations (viz., lax vowels). This indicates that the lengthening of inherently shorter vowels before a voiced stop is limited in order to avoid overlapping with longer vowels in the duration range. Fourth, there was no significant gender difference in vowel duration ratios in the contexts of voiced and voiceless stops. Finally, considerable individual differences were found in the vowel and consonant duration ratios.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.81-98
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• 2007

This study aims to investigate whether shortened vowel duration conditioned by a following voiceless stop induces phonetic reduction of vowel space in English, and whether the reduction appears more in the height dimension than in the backness dimension (Lindblom, 1963; Flemming, 2005). Fifteen native speakers of American English read minimal pairs containing ten American English vowels in [bVd] and [bVt] syllables in a carrier phrase. All the subjects produced shorter vowels in the voiceless than in the voiced context. However, a reduction in vowel space and a raising of low vowels due to the shortened vowel duration were generally not found. To the contrary, the speakers tended to exhibit even more lowering of low vowels in the voiceless context, and vowel space was more commonly compressed in the backness dimension than in the height dimension. Many speakers, in particular, demonstrated fronting of the high back vowel [u] in the voiceless context. It was interpreted that due to a relatively large number of English vowels in the narrower low vowel space, the raising of low vowels may give rise to confusion in vowel contrasts, and therefore the degree of phonetic vowel reduction is restricted in that region. On the other hand, the high vowel region, being relatively spacious in English, allows a certain degree of phonetic vowel reduction in the F2 dimension. It is possible that heavy requirements for maintaining vowel contrasts may cause speakers to overachieve vowel target values, especially when faced with vowels which are difficult to distinguish due to shortened vowel duration, leading to an over-lowering of the low vowels.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of phonation types ([+/- aspirated], [+/- fortis]) on aerodynamic measures with Korean bilabial stops. Sixty-three healthy young adults (30 males, 33 females) participated to evaluate the VOEF (Voicing Efficiency) tasks with bilabial stop consonants /$p^h$/, /p/, /p'/ using Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600 (Kay PENTAX Corp, Lincoln Park, NJ). All VOEF measures were significantly influenced by phonation types except RANP(pitch range)(p <.01). For sound pressure, maximum SPL, mean SPL, and Mean SPL during Voicing have been shown to be significantly greatest in fortis stop /p'/ than aspirated /$p^h$/ and lenis stop /p/ (p<.001). On the other hand, mean pitch after lenis stop was significantly lower than after aspirated and fortis stops (p<.001). Peak expiratory airflow, Target airflow, and FVC (Expiratory volume) were significantly lowest in fortis stop /p'/ which might be associated with higher aerodynamic resistance while peak air pressure and mean peak air pressure during closure were significantly lower in lenis stop /p/. Additionally, AEFF (Aerodynamic efficiency) was significantly higher in fortis stop /p'/ than lenis stop /p/ as well as aspirated stop /$p^h$/ (p<.001). Thus, sound pressure, airflow parameters, and aerodynamic resistance made crucial roles in distinguishing fortis /p'/ from lenis stop /p/ and aspirated. Additionally, pitch and subglottal air pressure parameters were important aerodynamic characteristics in distinguishing lenis /p/ from fortis /p'/ and aspirated /$p^h$/. Therefore, accurate aspirated /p/ stop consonant should be elicited when collecting the airflow, intraoral pressure related data with patients with voice disorders in order to enhance the reliability and relevance or validity of aerodynamic measures using PAS.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.35-47
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• 2001

This paper describes an efficient harmonic-CELP speech coder by taking advantages of harmonic and CELP coders into account. According to frame voicing decision, the proposed harmonic-CELP coder adopts the RP-VSELP coder as a fast CELP in case of an unvoiced frame, or an improved harmonic coder in case of a voiced frame. The proposed coder has main features as follows: simple pitch detection, fast harmonic estimation, variable dimension harmonic vector quantization, perceptual weighting reflecting frequency resolution, fast harmonic synthesis, naturalness control using band voicing, and multi-mode. These features make the proposed coder require very low complexity, compared with HVXC coder To demonstrate the performance of the proposed coder, a 2.4 kbps coder has been implemented and compared with reference coders. From results of informal listening tests, the proposed coder showed good quality while requiring low delay and complexity.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1990.07a
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• pp.535-538
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• 1990

The main problem in speech recognition is the enormous variability in acoustic signals due to complex but predictable contextual effects. Especially in plosive consonants it is very difficult to find invariant cue due to various contextual effects, but humans use these contextual effects as helpful information in plosive consonant recognition. In this paper we experimented on three artificial neural net models for the recognition of plosive consonants. Neural Net Model I used "Multi-layer Perceptron ". Model II used a variation of the "Self-organizing Feature Map Model". And Model III used "Interactive and Competitive Model" to experiment contextual effects. The recognition experiment was performed on 9 Korean plosive consonants. We used VCV speech chains for the experiment on contextual effects. The speech chain consists of Korean plosive consonants /g, d, b, K, T, P, k, t, p/ (/ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ/) and eight Korean monothongs. The inputs to Neural Net Models were several temporal cues - duration of the silence, transition and vot -, and the extent of the VC formant transitions to the presence of voicing energy during closure, burst intensity, presence of asperation, amount of low frequency energy present at voicing onset, and CV formant transition extent from the acoustic signals. Model I showed about 55 - 67 %, Model II showed about 60%, and Model III showed about 67% recognition rate.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2002

The more people and urban infrastructures are crowded in a society, the more possibilities of disasters are existed. Most of cities have a difficulty in coping with unpredictable disasters consisting of natural and human characteristics. As a proved before, theses disasters have serious effects on socio-economical, financial and physical damages, and human lives. Although we have prepared various types of disaster-protection programs, there are rooms to be desired in establishing advanced warning system towards safeguards of disasters. In this research, we propose semantic ideas of an advanced information system associated with automatic voicing mail linking to telephone. This conceptual model and its architecture is for not only predicting and analyzing disasters, but also recommending counter-measurements and solutions for risks and dangers in disastrous circumstances. However, there are little works with regard to definitions and conceptual models of automatic voicing mail system in the context of geographical information sciences. Therefore, this research focuses on scrutinizing the effect of possible natural vulnerability and human hazards in our present societies.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.383-386
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• 1999

이 논문은 한국어 파열연자음이 유성음 환경에서 유성음화하는 현상을 운율구조와 관련해서 음향음성학적으로 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 논문에서는 첫째, 음성적 자질로서나 청각적인 판단에 의해서나 무성음과 유성음의 이분법으로 나뉘는 것을 음향적 고찰을 통하여 각각을 하위의 범주로 나누었다. 문장 안에서 파열연자음이 음향적으로 실현될 때 각각의 범주가 어느 정도의 빈도수로 출현하는지를 살펴보았다. 둘째, 한국어 파열연자음은 어절 초에서는 무성음으로 실현되나 앞뒤에 유성음이 오는 경우에는 유성화되는 음운규칙이 있는데, 음향적인 분석을 통하여 앞뒤에 유성음이 온다는 조건만으로 설명할 수 없는 예들을 발견하였다. 그리하여 인접음절(특히 앞음절에 오는 분절음의 특성)과 운율구조(액센트구 내에서의 위치, 억양구경계의 유무)를 함께 고려하는 파열연자음 유성화규칙의 조건을 제안하였다.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to (1) establish a Korean adult normative database for phonatory aerodynamic measures obtained with the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600, (2) investigate the intra-subject reliability of these measures across three testing sessions, and (3) examine the effect of gender on those measures. 170 healthy normal speakers (70 men and 100 women) between the ages 18 and 49 years participated in the study. The PAS protocol of maximum phonation and voicing efficiency were conducted and 25 measures were obtained. All aerodynamic measures taken in this study demonstrated high intra-subject reliability in clinical aspect. There were no significant effect of gender in the measures related to sound pressure and subglottal pressure. However, significant differences for gender were found for phonation time, airflow rate, expiratory volume, aerodynamic power, SPL range, pitch range, mean pitch, aerodynamic resistance, and aerodynamic efficiency. Clinicians should be aware of significant gender effects in some aerodynamic parameters when interpreting the data obtained from PAS.