• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 1999

Background and Objectives : Laryngeal Evoked Electromyography(EEMG) is a objective, quantitative technique to determine innervation status of larynx. The possible applications of this technique are to confirm the etiology of impaired vocal fold motion and monitor perioperative vagus nerve trauma. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel method for determining the amount of reinnervation of recurrent laryngeal nerve with accurate, inexpensive, and minimally invasive technique in human. Materials and Methods : Laryngeal EEMG was performed for 16 adults with intact vocal folds motion and 2 patients diagnosed as unilateral vocal fold paralysis. for the purpose of searching what is the optimal and noninvasive technique for laryngeal EEMG, we used 2 types of stimulation configurations(transcutaneous vs percutaneous) and 2 types of recording configurations(intramuscular vs. surface). Results and Conclusions : Percutaneous needle stimulation and surface recording of laryngeal EEMG was reliable and comparable to standard needle stimulation and invasive intramuscular needle recording. But the laryngeal EEMG by the surface recording and transcutaneous surface stimulation was not reliable and repeatable. Therefore we recommended that laryngeal EEMG by surface recording and percutaneous needle stimulation would be minimally invasive, reliable technique to know the status of reinnervation in e patients with vocal fold paralysis.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2019

현대 대중음악의 보컬 녹음에서 소리의 다이내믹을 압축해주는 컴프레서는 필수적인 장비이다. 컴프레서는 음악청취를 위한 믹스에서 뿐 아니라 가수가 녹음을 하는 중에 반주와 함께 자신의 목소리를 듣기 위한 모니터에 적용되기도 한다. 이 연구는 보컬 녹음에 있어 모니터 환경에 적용된 컴프레서가 가수의 가창에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험 연구다. 10명의 참여 가수를 섭외하여 블라인드 테스트로 모니터를 통해 들리는 보컬에 1:1, 2:1, 4:1의 압축 비율의 컴프레서를 걸어 가창에 어떻게 영향을 받는지를 실험하였다. 실험 결과 모니터에 적용된 압축 비율이 높을 수록 다이내믹이 큰 부분에서 더 크게 노래하고, 음색이 더 밝았지만 음정은 미세하게 부정확해지는 결과가 나타났다. 블라인드를 유지한 상황에서의 사후 인터뷰 결과 가수들은 모니터에 컴프레서를 통해 압축된 소리를 듣는 것을 대체로 선호하는 것도 발견되었다. 실험에서 사용한 음악이 다이내믹의 범위가 넓은 발라드곡이었기 때문에 모든 음악 녹음에 일반화할 수는 없지만 녹음 현장의 모니터링에 대한 중요한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. 또한 모니터 환경에 따른 가수의 가창에 미치는 영향에 대해 실증 연구를 통해 연구된 본 논문을 바탕으로 녹음 기술에 대한 인지과학적 접근이 추가로 이루어지기를 희망한다.

• 대한음성언어의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성언어의학회 1998년도 제10회 학술대회 심포지움
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• pp.208-209
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• 1998

It is generally known that many cases of pathological rough voice are characterized not by simple random perturbations but by quasi-periodic perturbations in the speech wave. However, there are few studies on the characteristics of perturbations in vocal fold vibrations associated with this type of voice. We have been conducting studies of pathological vocal fold vibration using a high-speed digital image recording system developed by our institute, Compared to the ordinary high-speed-motion picture system, the present system is compact and simple to operate and thus, it suited for pathological data collection. (omitted)

• 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2003

Spoken sound includes not only speaker's source but the characteristics of vocal tract and speech radiation. This paper is based on the theory of Park[1], who proposes the Phonation Type Index k; a variable that shows the characteristic of speaker's source excluding those of speaker's vocal tract and speech radiation. With Park's theory, we collect data by changing recording environments and expanding experimental data, and analyze the data collected to see whether or not the PTI k shows good discriminating power as a variable for speaker recognition. In the experiment, we repeatedly record 8 sentences ten times for each of 5 males in the environment of a recording room and an office, extract PTI k for each speaker, and measure the discriminating power for each speaker by using the value of PTI k. The result shows that PTI k has the excellent discriminating power of speakers. We also confirm that, even if the recording environment is changed, PTI k shows similar results.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.178-184
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• 2000

Laryngeal evoked EMG is the objective and quantitative method to measure the innervation of laryngeal muscle. If there is a mobility disorder of vocal cords, the cause and location of neural lesion co be understood by the laryngeal evoked EMG and if there is a vocal cord paralysis, the degree of recovery and the policy of treatment can be determined by it. Recently, the studies of reinnervation after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury have been actively carried out. Laryngeal evoked EMC is useful to these studies. The aim of study is to know whether noninvasive methods for stimulating the recurrent laryngeal nerve and for recording of compound action potential(CAP) using surface electrode are as useful as the invasive method using needle electrode. We obtained EMG of laryngeal muscle by various stimulating and recording methods : 1) Direct nerve stimulation by placing nerve cuff electrode made out of silastic tube and platinum wire and recording by insertion of hook wire electrode into posterior cricoarytenoid(PCA) and thyroarytenoid(TA) muscles, respectively. 2) Recording of compound action potential by surface electrode after stimulation of recurrent laryngeal nerve by the insertion of 27 gauge of needle electrode. 3) Recording of compound action potential by surface electrode after stimulating the recurrent laryngeal nerve by transcutaneous blunt rod electrode at tracheoesophageal groove. The amplitude, duration and latency of the CAP evoked by recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation were compared among the three groups. The amplitude of CAP was smallest in the group recorded from posterior cricoarytenoid and hyroarytenoid muscle, and that recorded by surface electrode after stimulation by needle electrode was largest. The difference in amplitude between the group by hook wire recording and the two groups by surface electrode recording was significant statistically. There is no significant difference in duration and latency among three groups. Since the waveform of CAP from all three methods has similar duration, latency, we concluded that noninvasive method is a useful as invasive methods.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Voice onset time (VOT) is defined as the time interval from the oral release of a stop consonant to the onset of glottal pulsing in the following vowel. VOT is a temporal characteristic of stop consonants that reflects the complex timing of glottal articulation relative to supraglottal articulation. There have been many reports on efforts to clarify the acoustical and physiological properties that differentiate the three types of Korean stops, including acoustic, fiberscopic, aerodynamic and electromyographic studies. In the acoustic and fiberscopic studies for stop consonants, the voice onset time and glottal width during the production of stops has been known as the longest and largest in the heavily aspirated type followed by the slightly aspirated type and unaspirated types. The thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles were physiologically inter-correlated for differentiating these types of stops. However, a review of the English literature shows that the fine movement of the mucosal edges of the vocal folds during the production of stops has not been well documented. In recent. years, a new method for high-speed recording of laryngeal dynamics by use of a digital recording system allows us to observe with fine time resolution. The movements of the vocal fold edges were documented during the period of stop production using a fiberscopic system of high speed digital images. By observing the glottal width and the visual vibratory movements of the vocal folds before voice onset, the heavily aspirated stop was characterized as being more prominent and dynamic than the slightly aspirated and unaspirated stops.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.569-573
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• 2018

음악은 수많은 악기가 내는 사운드로 구성되어 있다. 그 중에서도 사람의 목소리인 '보컬' 사운드는 그 어떤 악기보다도 가장 즉각적으로 잘 인지되는 파트이다. 곡에서 중요한 부분을 차지하는 보컬을 여러 사운드 속에서 완벽하게 믹싱하는 데에는 많은 요소들이 고려되어야 하고 또 다양한 단계들이 존재한다. 그 단계 중 EQ에 집중하여 연구하고자 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 EQ작업과 관련된 사항들에 대해 EQ의 개념 및 종류로 부터 시작해 보컬 레코딩 시 EQing방법, Subtractive EQ, Additive EQ 등에 관해 알아보도록 할 것이다. EQ는 사운드 믹싱 과정에서 특히나 보컬 사운드를 다루는데 있어서 가장 중요한 도구 중 하나로 손꼽힌다. 보컬 이큐잉은 보컬이 완벽히 트랙 믹스 안에 어우러지게 하기 위해 각 주파수 대역을 부스트 하고 또 컷팅하여 음색을 다듬는 과정이다. 프로페셔널한 보컬사운드를 얻기 위해서는 그 무엇보다도 자신이 스타일적으로 의도하는 사운드가 무엇인지 확실한 방향성을 가지고 가야하고 그를 위해 레퍼런스 트랙을 이용하는 것도 아주 효과적이다. EQing이외에도 컴프레션, 리버브, 코러스, 딜레이 등의 이펙터 작업과 백킹 보컬과 하모니의 조정 등의 다양한 복잡한 단계의 작업이 있고 그 또한 매우 중요한 작업들이다. 그러나 믹싱의 시작에 해당하는 작업인 EQing은 무엇보다도 그 중요도가 큰 관계로 위 사항들을 두루 고려하여 세밀한 작업을 하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.380-386
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• 2018

믹싱의 기술적인 측면에서 가장 해결하기 어려웠던 부분 중에 하나가 바로 보컬(목소리) 이다. 악기와 달리 보컬은 각각 가수들마다 너무 나 다른 톤, 즉 색깔 때문에 공통의 수치를 적용하기도 어려울뿐더러 여러 이펙터를 적절히 배합해야 하기 때문에 매우 힘든 작업이었다. 본 논문은 그중에서도 가장 대표적인 보컬이펙터인 리버브의 개념과, 현황, 사용방법에 대해 학생들이 가장 많이 사용하는 이펙터 중에 하나인 Wave Renaissance Reverb 를 사용하여 효과적인 보컬 리버브 사용에 관한 제안을 해보도록 하겠다. 가요 믹싱에서 가장 중요한 부분은 보컬의 목소리를 어떻게 만들어 주는지가 관건이다. 소리의 공간감은 음악을 더욱 더 아름답게 만들어주기 때문에 보컬이펙터로서 리버브의 역할은 절대적이다. 컴퓨터기술은 음악을 더욱 손쉽게 만들 수 있게 해주었으나 정해진 프리셋만을 사용하게 하는 등 개개인의 기술능력이 떨어지는 부작용을 낳았다. 보다 더 더 세밀한 노력을 통한 뮤지션들의 리버브 연구는 결국 좋은 음악을 창출해 낼 수 있을 것이다.

• International journal of thyroidology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

갑상선 수술 후 발생한 성대마비는 삶의 질을 중요시하는 요즘 시대에 제일 치명적 합병증 중 하나이다. 그 결과 수술 중 신경감시시스템의 사용은 보편화되고 있으나 아직 기존의 시스템은 외과 의사가 사용하기에 불편하거나 문제점들이 있다. 그래서 새로운 방식의 신경 탐침과 신경 감시 장치의 개발이 필요한 시점이다. 이에 최근 모든 수술 기구(금속형 기구, 내시경 및 로봇 기구, 에너지 기반 디바이스)에 탈부착이 가능한 신경을 자극하는 신경 탐침 및 후두 떨림을 측정하기 위한 표면압력센서를 이용한 새로운 형태의 수술 중 신경감시시스템의 개발에 대한 연구가 기대된다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2007

This study aims to analyze the voices of the patients with voice disorders including vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp in the aspect of acoustic phonetics. This study intends to collect subsidiary acoustic data in order to make a speech treatment and an standardization of vocal disorders. Subjects and Methods: The subjects of this study were 64 adult patients who underwent indirect laryngoscopy and laryngostroboscopy, and were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst or vocal nodule/polyp. Experimental group consisted of 20 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, 21 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold cyst and had the average age of 42.0 $({\pm}10.03)$ ; and 23 patients who were diagnosed as vocal nodule/polyp and had the average age of 40.9 $({\pm}13.75)$. For the methodology of this study, the patients listed above were asked to sit in a comfortable position at intervals of 10cm apart from the patient's mouth and a microphone, and subsequently to phonate a vowel sound /e/ for the maximum phonation time with natural tone and vocal volume then the sound was directly inputted on a computer. During recording, sampling rate was set to 44,100Hz and the 1-second area corresponding to stable zone except the first and the last stage of waveform of the vowel sound /e/ vocalized by the individual patients was analyzed. Results: First, there was no statistically significant difference in jitter and shimmer between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst, while there was highly statistically significant difference in them between vocal fold paralysis and vocal nodule/polyp. Second, looking into the mean values obtained from NNE, HNR and SNR results associated with noise ratio, the disease showing the most abnormal characteristics was vocal fold paralysis, followed by cyst and nodule/polyp in order. For NNE, there was statistically significant difference between vocal nodule/polyp, and cyst or paralysis. In other words, it was found that the NNE of vocal nodule/polyp was weaker than that of cyst or paralysis. Similarly, HNR and SNR also showed the same characteristics; there was statistically significant difference between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp, and HNR and SNR values of vocal fold paralysis were lower than those of vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp. Conclusion: For vocal fold paralysis, the abnormal values of acoustic parameters associated with frequency, amplitude and noise ratio were statistically significantly higher than those of vocal fold cyst and nodule/polyp. This finding suggests that the voices of the patients with vocal fold paralysis are the most severely injured due to less stability of vocal fold movement, asymmetry and incomplete glottic closure. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the acoustic parameters of tremor among vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp. Further studies need to ascertain reasonable acoustic parameters with various vocal disorders as well as to clarify the correlation between acoustics-based objective tools and subjective evaluations.