• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.383-387
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a simultaneous dual-task and horse-riding simulator (HRS) training regime on pulmonary function and flexibility. Methods: Sixteen subjects were recruited and randomly allocated to two groups: a dual-task (DT) (n=8) or a single-task (ST) (n=8) training group. Flexibility and pulmonary function were assessed before and after HRS training. Both groups underwent HRS training for 4 weeks, 3 times/week in 15-minute training sessions. The ST group underwent HRS training and the DT group underwent dual-task HRS training, which consisted of throwing and catching a ball and ring catching while HRS training. Results: Training significantly increased flexibility and FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) in both groups (p<0.05), but FEV1/FVC and PEF (peak expiratory flow) were not significantly different after training in both groups (p>0.05). After the training, flexibility and FVC in the DT group were significantly greater than in the ST group (p<0.05), but FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF were not significantly different (p>0.05). Conclusion: Simultaneous dual-task and HRS motor training improved flexibility, FVC, and FEV1, and our comparative analysis suggests that dual-task HRS training improved flexibility and FVC more than single-task training.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2013

Purpose : The aim of study was to assess the effect of backward walking combined with body weight supported treadmill training for patients with spinal cord injury. Methods : Forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second(FEV1), peak expiratory flow(PEF) and FEV1/FVC ratio(FER) were measured with a spirometer for on subject of T12 spinal cord injury. 10 meter walking test(10MWT), timed up & go test(TUG) and 6-Minute walking test(6MWT) were the measured. Intervention consisted of backward walking combined with body weight supported treadmill training five times a week for 12 weeks. Results : The date of 10MWT, TUG, 6MWT were improved. Furthermore, the date of PEF, FEV1, FVC, FER showed a improvement. Conclusion : Backward walking combined with body weight supported treadmill training may be a better and more effective method for gait performance and respiratory on incomplete spinal cord injury.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2014

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the influence of PNF direct and indirect breathing treatments for patients with cervical spinal cord injuries who had breathing problems. Methods: For each cervical spinal cord patient, force vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow, maximum phonation time (MPT), rib cage width, and VAS were measured pre-intervention and four weeks after post-intervention. The indirect method and the direct method were used for interventions. We treated patients with the indirect method using scapular anterior depression pattern, bilateral extensor pattern with rhythmic initiation, and a combination of isotonic. We treated patients with the direct method, applying pressure on the sternum and using rhythmic initiation (hold relax and stretch reflex) for the rib cage. Training occurred for 50 minutes a day and three days per week for four weeks. Results: FVC, MPT, peak expiratory flow, and rib cage width were increased and decreased at the VAS point for rolling after treatment. Conclusion: Patients with cervical spinal cord injuries who had breathing problems felt uncomfortable when they had conversations on a couch. We found that PNF direct and indirect treatments improved rib cage width and breathing functions of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries.

• Archives of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between trunk control and pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in stroke patients. Methods: This study included 30 patients who had been clinically diagnosed with strokes, and trunk control abilities were measured using the trunk impairment scale (TIS). The subjects were classified into a group with high trunk control ability (TIS score ${\geq}20$) and a group with low trunk control ability (TIS score < 20). The patients' forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured. To compare the pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength between the two groups, the measurement data were analyzed using an independent T-test, and the relationship between TIS and respiratory function was analyzed using a Pearson correlation. Results: The high trunk control ability group had significantly higher pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength than the low trunk control ability group. Significant positive correlations were found between trunk control and FVC, FEV1, PEF, MIP, and MEP. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that trunk control affects pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.29-36
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• 2021

PURPOSE: The respiratory function and range of joint mobility deteriorate due to aging, respectively, and the respiratory function may be related to the range of joint mobility. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there has been little research on how the deterioration of the range of joint mobility caused by aging is related directly to the respiratory function. This study investigated the relationship between the respiratory function and the range of joint motion in the cervical and lumbar regions of older adults. METHODS: Thirty-two older adults participated in the study. The forced vital capacity (peak expiratory flow: PEF and forced expiratory volume in 1 second: FEV1) and the range of cervical joint motion were assessed in all subjects. The results were analyzed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The respiratory function moderately correlated with age. A moderate correlation was observed between FEV1 and right cervical lateral flexion. PEF was moderately correlated with the lumbar lateral flexion. In addition, FEV1 correlated strongly with lumbar lateral flexion. CONCLUSION: The respiratory function was correlated with the cervical and lumbar lateral flexion. Therefore, rehabilitation of the respiratory function should involve improving the limited range of motion of the joints, and a stretching program is needed for older adults.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2022

Purpose: The impact of prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture on physiological factors has not been extensively studied. We therefore attempted to evaluate whether prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture affects pulmonary function in normal young adults. Methods: Twenty-four participants were recruited in this study, and the participants were equally allocated to the normal sitting posture group (NSP group, n=12) or sitting posture with the cross-legs group (SPCL group, n=12). The NSP group sat on chairs without crossing their legs for 30 minutes, and the SPCL group sat on the chair with legs crossed (the right knee on the left knee or the left knee on the right knee) for 30 minutes. The pulmonary function of the subjects was evaluated based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FVC/FEV1, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measured using a spirometer. Results: In the intra-group comparison, the SPCL group showed significant differences in FVC and FEV1 before and after sitting (p<0.05), but no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the NSP group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the pulmonary function parameters measured before and after sitting (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our results confirmed that prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture could have a negative influence on pulmonary function. Therefore, if a sitting position is maintained for a long time, the correct sitting posture should be maintained to prevent musculoskeletal disorders as well as to maintain normal pulmonary function.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.350-355
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out whether people still have problems with breathing after being quarantined for a certain period after being infected with COVID-19. Design: Two-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: A total of 36 subjects were included in this study. Subjects who have been quarantined after being infected with COVID-19 (the after-quarantine group, n=18) and those who have never had COVID-19 (the healthy group, n=18). Respiratory function was evaluated by subjects in resting state and after treadmill exercise. Subjects performed treadmill exercise at moderate intensity for 20 minutes. To compare the differences in respiratory function between groups, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) were evaluated using a spirometer. Results: The result of the study, there was a significant difference in FVC in the after-quarantine group between resting and after treadmill exercise (p<0.05). In the healthy group, there was no significant difference in respiratory functions between resting and after treadmill exercise. Conclusions: The meaning of this result is that people who have been quarantined with COVID-19 have lower respiratory function than healthy people who are not infected with COVID-19.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.327-339
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• 2023

The expansion capacity and strength of expansive grout have a significant influence on the stress state of a supported rock mass and the strength of a grout-rock mass structure. The expansion and strength characteristics are vital in grouting preparation and application. To analyze the expansion performance and mechanical properties of expansive grout, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests, expansion ratio tests, XRD, SEM, and microscopic scanning tests (MSTs) of expansive grout under different curing pressure conditions were conducted. The microevolution was analyzed by combining the failure characteristics, XRD patterns, SEM images, and surface morphologies of the specimens. The experimental results show that: (1) The final expansion ratio of the expansive grout was linear with increasing expansion agent content and nonlinear with increasing curing pressure. (2) The strength of the expansive grout was positively correlated with curing pressure and negatively correlated with expansion agent content. (3) The expansion of expansive grout was related mainly to the development of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) crystals. With an increase in expansion agent content, the final expansion ratio increased, but the expansion rate decreased. With an increase in the curing pressure, the grout expansion effect decreased significantly. (4) The proportion of the concave surfaces at the centre of the specimen cross-section reflected the specimen's porosity to a certain extent, which was linear with increasing expansion agent content and curing pressure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.519-529
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• 2022

Sandwich structures with the superior mechanical properties such as high stiffness and strength-to-weight ratio, good thermal insulation, and high energy absorption capacity are used today in aerospace, automotive, marine, and civil engineering industries. These structures are composed of moderately stiff, thin face sheets that withstand the majority of transverse and in-plane loads, separated by a thick, lightweight core that resists shear forces. In this research, the finite element technique is used to simulate a sandwich panel with a truss core under axial compressive stress using ABAQUS software. A review of past experimental studies shows that the bondline between the core and face sheets plays a vital role in the critical failure load. Therefore, this modeling analyzes the damage initiation modes and debonding between face sheet and core by cohesive surface contact with traction-separation model. According to the results obtained from the modeling, it can be observed that the adhesive stiffness has a significant influence on the critical failure load of the specimens. To achieve the full strength of the structure as a continuum, a lower limit is obtained for the adhesive stiffness. By providing this limit stiffness between the core and the panel face sheets, sudden failure of the structure can be prevented.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.768-780
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• 2023

The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has recently attracted considerable interest in various areas. A three-dimensional multiple-input multiple-output concentric two-hemisphere model is proposed to characterize the scattering environment around a vehicle in an urban UAV-to-vehicle communication scenario. Multipath components of the model consisted of lineof-sight and single-bounced components. This study focused on the key parameters that determine the scatterer distribution. A time-variant process was used to analyze the nonstationarity of the proposed model. Vital statistical properties, such as the space-time-frequency correlation function, Doppler power spectral density, level-crossing rate, average fade duration, and channel capacity, were derived and analyzed. The results indicated that with an increase in the maximum scatter radius, the time correlation and level-crossing rate decreased, the frequency correlation function had a faster downward trend, and average fade duration increased. In addition, with the increase of concentration parameter, the time correlation, space correlation, and level-crossing rate increased, average fade duration decreased, and Doppler power spectral density became flatter. The proposed model was compared with current geometry-based stochastic models (GBSMs) and showed good consistency. In addition, we verified the nonstationarity in the temporal and spatial domains of the proposed model. These conclusions can be used as references in the design of more reasonable communication systems.