• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2020

Since fine dust (PM₁₀) has a significant influence on soil and groundwater composition during dry and wet deposition processes, it is of a vital importance to understand the fate and transport of aerosol in geological environments. Fine dust is formed after the chemical reaction of several precursors, typically observed in short intervals within a few hours. In this study, deep learning approach was applied to predict the fate of fine dust in an urban area. Deep learning training was performed by combining convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) techniques. The PM₁₀ concentration after 1 hour was predicted based on three-hour data by setting SO₂, CO, O₃, NO₂, and PM₁₀ as training data. The obtained coefficient of determination value, R², was 0.8973 between predicted and measured values for the entire concentration range of PM₁₀, suggesting deep learning method can be developed into a reliable and viable tool for prediction of fine dust concentration.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1987

Respiratory care with oxygen inhalation is often a necessity to maintain life, and it is one of the important therapeutic adjuncts in respiratory disease and in intensive care after surgery. However, it has been reported that oxygen toxicity occurs after prolonged exposure to 100% 0, [Smith, 1899; Kistler et al. 1967; Schaffner et al. 1967; Rowland and Newman, 1969. Subjective symptoms of oxygen toxicity include tracheal irritation, frequent cough, some burning sensation in the trachea, tachypnea, severe dyspnea, etc. [Welch, 1963; Fisher et al, 1968; Milier et al, 1970; Clark and Lambertsen, 1971; Sackner, 1975]. Pathologic findings are atelectasis, injuries to the pulmonary capillaries and hemorrhage in the alveoli in gross specimens. There can be inflammation, proliferation of fibrin, thickening of alveolar membranes, degeneration of collagen fibers and interstitial edema in the microscopic findings. [Penrod, 1956; Cedergren, 1959; Bean, 1965; Schaffner, 1967]. Dubois and colleagues [1961] found that the amount of pulmonary surfactant was decreased in oxygen toxicity and atelectasis followed by the decreased pulmonary surfactant. Many authors reported that vital capacity, inspiratory force, pulmonary compliance, pulmonary capillary blood flow and pulmonary elasticity were deceased and arteriovenous shunting increased. [Comroe et al, 1945; Fuson et al, 1965; Kistler et al, 1966; Knowles and Blenner-hassett, 1967; Barber et al, 1978]. Many human volunteers were examined after prolonged exposure in a high oxygenated chamber and there were a few reports on animals with oxygen toxicity, subjects including rabbits. Gas partial pressures of alveoli and arteries were measured in rabbits exposed to 100% $O_2$ and the alveolar-arterial gas gradients were analyzed, which is the basis for the study of oxygen toxicity. These rabbits were divided into two groups; rabbits under natural respiration, and second group under artificial respiration with a respirator. The alveolar $PO_2$ [$P]AO_2$] and $PCO_2$ [$PACO_2$], and the arterial $PO_2$ [$PaO_2$] were measured under varying $O_2$ pressures; 15% $O_2$, 21% $O_2$ and 100% $O_2$.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.322-330
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• 2007

Because 6sigma is doing innovative success In management whole, estimate that can exert direct effect in interior Design management. Therefore, this study did by purpose that 6sigma that is scientific method that do customers satisfaction by ultimate purpose acts as basic study that can heighten practical use Possibility and result of interior Design management and value by interior design standardization process. Need to use marketing data that is scientific design component at schematic design step for successful interior design that can improve result. Hereupon, this study is doing to big dimension that utilizes 6sigma and makes standard process of only Interior Design, and did to dimension that present study phase verifies if '6sigma' is practical use possibility by intoner design process. Did by method that verification method of 6sigma practical use possibility analyzes "Information transmission efficiency improvement of department store display space" 6sigma project example. When see that example project is analyzed on Improvement constituent that "Design improvement" out of Vital few Xs of statistical analysis item must heighten the customers satisfaction rate conclusively, target process might be established because design becomes center of gravity if did design improvement very first time. Finally, possibility that 6sigma can utilize in process of interior design is verified, and it is scientific methodology that can utilize to all business members that there are not any special category of business even if is in practical use. Such scientific 6sigma method need persistent study that make standard process analyzing a lot of problems that is expected to be beaconed and happens substantially in here after to management development of interior design.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.582-592
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• 2012

Microorganisms present in the rhizosphere soil plays a vital role in improving the plant growth and soil fertility. Many kinds of fertilizers including chemical and organic has been approached to improve the productivity. Though some of them showed significant improvement in yield, they failed to maintain the soil properties. Rather they negatively affected soil eventually, the land became unsuitable for agricultural. To overcome these problems, microorganisms have been used as effective alternative. For past few decades, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been used as effective inoculants to enhance the plant growth and productivity. PGPR improves the plant growth and helps the plant to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. AM fungi are known to colonize roots of plants and they increase the plant nutrient uptake. Spore associated bacteria (SAB) are attached to spore wall or hyphae and known to increase the AMF germination and root colonization but their mechanism of interaction is poorly known. Better understanding the interactions among AMF, SAB and PGPR are necessary to enhance the quality of inoculants as a biofertilizers. In this paper, current knowledge about the interactions between fungi and bacteria are reviewed and discussed about AMF spore associated bacteria.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2007년도 제32회 펄프종이기술 국제세미나
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• pp.83-125
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• 2007

Increasing energy costs have caused profitability problems for paper suppliers. Therefore unprofitable lines are being closed down. The actions aiming for improved profits are focused either on cost savings or on increasing the capacity of the remaining machines. The runnability of a paper machine and its total efficiency have a significant effect on energy consumption. Producing one ton of waste paper consumes at least as much energy as producing the same amount of sellable end product. New automation solutions enable significant cost-effective improvements to the total efficiency of a line without large investment projects. The measures focus on minimizing changes, interruptions, interruption recovery times and grade change times. Newest actuators, online quality measurements and wet end analysators create an improvement potential, which can be optimally implemented with the latest machine direction control solutions, based on model predictive control concepts. Equally, drying management is significant to the energy consumption. The newest control strategies optimize the use of various drying actuators for different situations; either by responding to changes as efficiently as possible or by using only the cheapest energy sources in stable situations. An even steam supply, which is vital for paper machines, is achieved with control for the power plant steam network. This makes possible to avoid the delays upon starting the paper machine and assure an even steam supply for the drying section and the actuators. This document describes means which have brought significant energy and raw material savings for paper machines. Metso Automation has provided efficiency improvement packages, which are usually based on optimized control of dry weight and drying in all running conditions. The solutions are based on performance analysis, on which the estimations for improvement potential and the necessary actions are based on. Typically benefits on an annual level have been from hundreds of thousands of euros to over one million euro. For example, variations in dry weight have been decreased more than 50%. The results are presented with a few examples. Additionally, the analysis models, adjustment solutions and the changes in running methods with which the results were achieved, are presented.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.139-159
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• 2018

Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) is a class of biogenically emitted oxygenated hydrocarbons that have been identified as a potential source of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) via aqueous oxidation. The physico-chemical properties of GLVs are vital to understanding their fate and transport in the atmosphere via fog processing, but few experimental data are available. We studied the aqueous solubility, 1-octanol/water partition coefficient, and Henry's law constant ($K_H$) of five GLVs at $25^{\circ}C$: methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and cis-3-hexenyl acetate. Henry's law constant was also measured at temperatures and ionic strengths typical of fog. Experimental values are compared to scarcely-available literature values, as well as estimations using group and bond contribution methods, property-specific correlations and molecular dynamics simulations. From these values, the partition coefficients to the air-water interface were also calculated. The large Henry's law constant of methyl jasmonate ($8091{\pm}1121M{\cdot}atm^{-1}$) made it the most significant GLV for aqueous phase photochemistry. The HENRYWIN program's bond contribution method from the Estimation Programs Interface Suite (EPI Suite) produced the best estimate of the Henry's constant for GLVs. Estimations of 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and solubility are best when correlating an experimental value of one to find the other. Finally, the scavenging efficiency was calculated for each GLV indicating aqueous phase processing will be most important for methyl jasmonate.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2005

This research studied robust design of composite hand for LTR (LCD glass Transfer Robot). $1^{st}$ DOE (Design of Experiment) was conducted to find out vital few Xs. 108 experiments were performed and their results were statistically analyzed. Pareto chart analysis shows that the geometric parameters (height and width of composite beam) are more important than material parameters $(E_{1},\;E_{2})$ or stacking sequence angle. Also, the stacking sequence of mid-layer is more important than that of outer-layer. The main effect plots shows that the maximum deflection of LTR hand is minimized with increasing height, width of beam and layer thickness. $2^{nd}$ DOE was conducted to obtain RSM (Response Surface Method) equation. 25 experiments were conducted. The CCD (Central Composite Design) technique with four factors was used. The coefficient of determination $(R^{2})$ for the calculated RSM equation was 0.989. Optimum design was conducted using the RSM equation. Multi-island genetic algorithm was used to optimum design. Optimum values for beam height, beam width, layer thickness and beam length were 24.9mm, 186.6mnL 0.15mm and 2402.4mm respectively. An approximate value of 0.77mm in deflection was expected to be a maximum under the optimum conditions. Six sigma robust design was conducted to find out guideline for control range of design parameter. To acquire six sigma level reliability, the standard deviation of design parameter should be con trolled within $2{\%}$ of average design value

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2006

통계청에서 매년 발간하고 있는 사망원인통계년보를 통해 화재로 인한 사망자를 분석하였다. 화재로 인한 사망자 수, 전체 사망자 중 화재로 인한 사망자가 차지하는 비율 모두 1993년을 정점으로 감소추세에 있다. 고령세대보다 젊은 세대에서 화재로 인한 사망자가 많이 발생하고 있다. 화재로 인한 사망자는 어린이세대(10세 미만)는 감소, 고령세대(65세 이상)는 증가경향에 있고, 남자 쪽이 여자보다 모든 연령대에서 많다. 연령별 인구 10만명당 화재로 인한 사망자는 고령세대에서 아주 높다. 사고로 인한 사망자 중 화재로 인한 사망자가 차지하는 비율은 큰 변동은 없으나 유아(0세, 1-4세)와 75세 이상 후기고령세대에서 높다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.767-804
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• 2000

International network strategy is intended to examine the validity of existing network-centered theories in order to ascertain why small-and medium-sized enterprises are useful as a strategic correspondence to the internationalization trend. Small-and medium-sized enterprises can be estimated as being vital majorities in terms of their flexibility to meet changable conditions in international marketing compared with the conglomerates Therefore, their dependency on a few conglomerates for the international economy can be diverged. Generally, the successful internationalization of industries can be derived from the creation of suitable strategies for its competence and quality with the effective correction and completion of its strategy and tactics through mistakes. The internationalization strategy of small-and medium-sized enterprises should not be the reckless pursuit of internationalization that depends only on the increase of investment or the simple induction of the other conglomerates strategic models, but it should be accomplished through the evolution and practice of the concrete strategies that will be more proper for the enterprise's property and efficiency. The results of analyses with proof can be summarized with two effects in large in the process of internationalization of domestic small-and medium-sized enterprises. First, the capacity for internationalization of firms results from a long-term training procedure and continuous development of managing activities. Then in time this becomes an important element for the small-and medium-sized firms in terms with its position targeted international trading. However, the domestic enterprises are showing their abilities in the international competition in quantity, and trying to establish relationships between the enterprises through international networks. Second, statistics might not be meaningful in part because of the lack of data for analysis. It seems that more useful results will be derived from obtaining and utilizing sufficient information and from establishing an inter-relationship between the small-and medium-sized enterprises which are investing in foreign companies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10627-10630
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• 2015

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations play a vital role in the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Such somatic mutations are more common in women who are non-smokers with adenocarcinoma and are of Asian origin. However, to our knowledge, there are few studies that have focused on men. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients (90 men and 94 women) of resected lung adenocarcinoma were studied retrospectively. Results: EGFR mutations were positive in 48.9% and negative (wild type) in 51.1%. Overall mutation was significant in women (66.0% vs. 32.2%) compared with men (p<0.001). For overall patients, EGFR mutation status was associated with gender, pStage, pT status, lepidic dominant histologic subtype, pure or mixed ground-glass nodule type on computed tomography and smoking status. However, in men, EGFR mutation status was only associated with lepidic dominant histologic subtype and not the other variables. Interestingly, the Brinkman index of men with mutant EGFR also did not differ from that for the wild type ($680.0{\pm}619.3$ vs. $813.1{\pm}552.1$ p=0.1077). Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of men with lung adenocarcinoma related to EGFR mutation are not always similar to that of overall patients. Especially we failed to find the relationship between EGFR mutations and smoking status in men.