• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.114-118
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• 1997

Purpose: Functional MR imaging is the method of demonstrating changes in regional cerebral blood flow produced by sensory, motor, and any other tasks. Functional MR of visual cortex is performed as a patient stares a photic stimulation, so adaptable photic stimulation is necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the size of photic stimulator can affect the degree of visual cortex activation. Materials and Methods: Functional MR imaging was performed in 5 volunteers with normal visual acuity. Photic stimulator was made by 39 light-emitting diodes on a plate, operating at 8Hz. The sizes of photic stimulator were full field, half field and focal central field. The MR imager was Siemens 1.5-T Magnetom Vision system, using standard head coil. Functional MRI utilized EPI sequence (TR/TE= 1.0/51. Omsec, matrix $No.=98{\times}128$, slice thickness=8mm) with 3sets of 6 imaging during stimulation and 6 imaging during rest, all 36 scannings were obtained. Activation images were obtained using postprocessing software(statistical analysis by Z-score), and these images were combined with T-1 weighted anatomical images. The activated signals were quantified by numbering the activated pixels, and activation a index was obtained by dividing the pixel number of each stimulator size with the sum of the pixel number of 3 study using 3 kinds of stimulators. The correlation between the activation index and the stimulator size was analysed. Results: Mean increase of signal intensities on the activation area using full field photic stimulator was about 9.6%. The activation index was greatest on full field, second on half field and smallest on focal central field in 4. The index of half field was greater than that of full field in 1. The ranges of activation index were full field 43-73%(mean 55%), half field 22-40 %(mean 32%), and focal central field 5-24%(mean 13%). Conclusion: The degree of visual cortex activation increases with the size of photic stimulator.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.35S no.8
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• pp.1-11
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• 1998

One of the desired features for the realizations of high quality Information and Telecommunication services in future is "the Sensation of Reality". This will be achieved only with the visual communication based on the 3- dimensional (3-D) moving images. The main difficulties in realizing 3-D moving image communication are that there is no developed data transmission technology for the hugh amount of data involved in 3-D images and no established technologies for 3-D image recording and displaying in real time. The currently known stereoscopic imaging technologies can only present depth, no moving parallax, so they are not effective in creating the sensation of the reality without taking eye glasses. The more effective 3-D imaging technologies for achieving the sensation of reality are those based on the multiview 3-D images which provides the object image changes as the eyes move to different directions. In this paper, a multiview 3-D imaging system composed of 8 CCD cameras in a case, a RGB(Red, Green, Blue) beam projector, and a holographic screen is introduced. In this system, the 8 view images are recorded by the 8 CCD cameras and the images are transmitted to the beam projector in sequence by a signal converter. This signal converter converts each camera signal into 3 different color signals, i.e., RGB signals, combines each color signal from the 8 cameras into a serial signal train by multiplexing and drives the corresponding color channel of the beam projector to 480Hz frame rate. The beam projector projects images to the holographic screen through a LCD shutter. The LCD shutter consists of 8 LCD strips. The image of each LCD strip, created by the holographic screen, forms as sub-viewing zone. Since the ON period and sequence of the LCD strips are synchronized with those of the camera image sampling adn the beam projector image projection, the multiview 3-D moving images are viewed at the viewing zone.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2005

This study aimed to understand the sex differences in cognitive behaviors in website design and demonstrate a practical basis for utilizing these differences into more user-centered design concept. Especially, we focused on the sex-different preference according to the information architecture of website navigation. First, We investigated general differences between men and women in cognitive behaviors through various literature studies. According to our investigation, men's cognitive works generally tend to follow a regular sequence and proceed step by step. On the other hand, women's cognitive style is generally characterized by random generation and simultaneous progress. To examine that these differences can be found in use of website navigation, we made an experiment in website design. We designed several test websites that have same contents but different style of navigation structure. A similar number of men and women were chosen for this test and they implemented given tasks. During the test, participants reported their preference on each websites and their implementing time and number of errors were collected. Based on the analysis of test data, it was possible to conclude that male participants' preference for the navigation with a narrow and deep information structure is relatively higher than female participants' preference for the same navigation, On the other hand, female participants have a preference of the navigation with a broad and swallow information structure. The result of study showed that there is a close correlation between the sex differences in preference of navigation types and the general sex differences in cognitive behavior. This finding can be used as a basis for designing the website navigation in which sex differences are reflected.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2019

An end-to-end speech recognition model consisting of a single integrated neural network model was recently proposed. The end-to-end model does not need several training steps, and its structure is easy to understand. However, it is difficult to understand how the model recognizes speech internally. In this paper, we visualized and analyzed the attention-based end-to-end model to elucidate its internal mechanisms. We compared the acoustic model of the BLSTM-HMM hybrid model with the encoder of the end-to-end model, and visualized them using t-SNE to examine the difference between neural network layers. As a result, we were able to delineate the difference between the acoustic model and the end-to-end model encoder. Additionally, we analyzed the decoder of the end-to-end model from a language model perspective. Finally, we found that improving end-to-end model decoder is necessary to yield higher performance.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.823-832
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• 2020

The analgesic effects of music in people with glasses on perceived pain through cold-pressor task (CPT) is assessed based on three-sequence, three-period, crossover trial with three treatment conditions(music-listening, news-listening, and no-sound) to each subject. Fifty subjects are divided into three sequence groups by randomization, and CPTs under the pre-assigned treatment conditions at each period are performed. Pain responses after each CPT, subjects' pain tolerance (PT) in time scale and pain intensity (PI) and pain unpleasantness (PU) in visual analog scale (VAS) are measured. After classifying the group by whether or not to wear glasses, which is the phenotype of the myopia gene, pain responses are compared by F-tests and Tukey's multiple comparisons. CPT pain responses in group with glasses during the music intervention are significantly different from responses during the news intervention and the control conditions, respectively. This study investigates the pain responses of music intervention in the group wearing glasses, which can be seen as a phenotype of the nearsighted gene, and this result would play a role in explaining the biopsychosocial model of the pain mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.64-77
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• 2009

In landscape architecture, the pursuit of pluralism requires diverse expression based on cultural and philosophical differences. Landscape architects impart social purposes and spatial relationships to the contemporary generation by providing particular environments that reflect the culture of the day. Particularly, landscape architects reflect contemporary art in their design works and express the characteristics of the arts of the day in real spaces. Historically they have sought motives from all fields of art. The plastic concept in landscape design is based specifically on paintings that directly influence spatial composition. Minimalism in landscape architecture contributes to the formation of artistic characteristics that can be explained to improve artistry in landscapes as aesthetic objects, which were eliminated in the modernist era, and to realize contemporary art. By interpretively studying design works, therefore, this study reveals plastic concepts' influence on landscape design affected by minimalist art. The characteristics of plastic concepts in minimalist landscape design can be summarized as follows. First, the reduction of Minimalist Landscape is meant for viewers to immediately understand a work's identity and to easily perceive its intention by using design language implied by the pure geometric forms such as circles, triangles and squares. Second, the extension intends to seek internal order by connecting design elements mutually and externally to provide visual direction by adopting linear expression. Third, the flatness that defines meaningless space tends to overlay additional elements on a flattened site to induce the perception of a sequence of landscapes and to patternize pavement to improve its visual image. Finally, seriality has two characteristics: to make centrality in space and to compose by repeating formative elements and materials based on the pursuit of a site's totality, rather than an individual space's originality.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.18B no.6
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• pp.365-374
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• 2011

Recently, malicious video classification and filtering techniques are of practical interest as ones can easily access to malicious multimedia contents through the Internet, IPTV, online social network, and etc. Considerable research efforts have been made to developing malicious video classification and filtering systems. However, the malicious video classification and filtering is not still being from mature in terms of reliable classification/filtering performance. In particular, the most of conventional approaches have been limited to using only the spatial features (such as a ratio of skin regions and bag of visual words) for the purpose of malicious image classification. Hence, previous approaches have been restricted to achieving acceptable classification and filtering performance. In order to overcome the aforementioned limitation, we propose new malicious video classification framework that takes advantage of using both the spatial and temporal features that are readily extracted from a sequence of video frames. In particular, we develop the effective temporal features based on the motion periodicity feature and temporal correlation. In addition, to exploit the best data fusion approach aiming to combine the spatial and temporal features, the representative data fusion approaches are applied to the proposed framework. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, we collect 200 sexual intercourse videos and 200 non-sexual intercourse videos. Experimental results show that the proposed method increases 3.75% (from 92.25% to 96%) for classification of sexual intercourse video in terms of accuracy. Further, based on our experimental results, feature-level fusion approach (for fusing spatial and temporal features) is found to achieve the best classification accuracy.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the detection rate of hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage in echo planar imaging (EPI) and other MR sequences. materials and Methods : Intracerebral hemorrhage was experimentally induced in ten rats. EPI, fast spin-echo (FSE) T2 weighted images, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), spin-echo (SE) T1 weighted images and gradient echo (GE) T1 weight ed images of rat's brains were obtained 2 hours after onset of intracerebral hemorrhage. EPI and FSE T2 images were additionally obtained 30 min and 1 hour after onset of hemorrhage in 3 and 6 rat, repeatedly, For objective visual assessment, discrimination between the lesion and normal brain parenchyma was evaluated on various MR sequences by three radiologists. For quantitative assessment, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated fro hemorrhage-normal brain parenchyma. Statistical analysis was performed usning the Wilcoxon-Ranks test. Results : EPI, FLAIR, and FSE T2 images showed high signal intensity lesions. The lesion discrimination was easier on EPI than on other sequences, and also EPI showed higher signal intensity for the subjective visual assessment. In quantitative evaluation, CNR of the hemorrhagic lesion versus normal brain parenchyma were higher on EPI and FLAIR images (p<0.01). There was no difference in CNR between EPI and FLAIR (p>0.10). On MR images obtained 30 minutes and 1 hour after the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage, the lesion detection was feasible on both EPI and FSE T2 images showing high signal intensity. Conclusion : EPI showed higher detection rate as compared with other MR sequences and could be useful in early detection and evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives : We hypothesized that reinforcing-reducing manipulations produce different effects by quantity of stimulation, and examined whether the difference is statistically significant or not. Methods : The study was conducted to the students of College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University. We needled into $ST_{36}$ and applied 6 kinds of basic reinforcing-reducing manipulations in Huang di nei jing by randomized sequence. And we had the students to fill up the questionnaire in form of visual analog scale(VAS). We examined whether significant differences in VAS existed between reinforcing-reducing manipulations(by t-test). And we examined whether significant differences in VDRRT(VAS difference between reinforcing-reducing technique) values existed along the gender, body mass index(BMI), age(by t-test), and psychological sensitivity(by ANOVA). Results : 1. The total stimulation quantity from reducing technique was significantly higher than that from reinforcing technique. Individually VAS values of reducing techniques were significantly higher in rotation, slow-rapid, lift-thrust, respiration and open-close manipulation. 2. The highest stimulation quantity was from rotation manipulation. And the highest VDRRT value was from slow-rapid manipulation. 3. When VDRRT values were analyzed by gender, age, BMI, and psychological sensitivity, VDRRT was significantly different by BMI in rotation manipulation, and by psychological sensitivity in rotation, lift-thrust, and slow-rapid manipulation. Conclusions : We could verify that reinforcing-reducing techniques induce different therapeutic effects by different quantities of stimulations. It suggests that reinforcing-reducing techniques could be applied universally, regardless of gender or age. Further studies are needed to consider control group, or patient groups in characteristic conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.423-430
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• 2013

In typical face recognition systems, the frontal view of face is preferred to reduce the complexity of the recognition. Thus individuals may be required to stare into the camera, or the camera should be located so that the frontal images are acquired easily. However these constraints severely restrict the adoption of face recognition to wide applications. To alleviate this problem, in this paper, we address the problem of tracking and recognizing faces in video captured with no environmental control. The face tracker extracts a sequence of the angle/size normalized face images using IVT (Incremental Visual Tracking) algorithm that is known to be robust to changes in appearance. Since no constraints have been imposed between the face direction and the video camera, there will be various poses in face images. Thus the pose is identified using a PCA (Principal Component Analysis)-based pose classifier, and only the pose-matched face images are used to identify person against the pre-built face DB with 5-poses. For face recognition, PCA, (2D)PCA, and $(2D)^2PCA$ algorithms have been tested to compute the recognition rate and the execution time.