• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.1697-1706
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• 2013

Protocol analyzer is being used to analyze proper processing of CMD & data when developing SD slave IP. In this thesis, a protocol analyzer was developed for analyzing SD protocol in Windows environment using Visual C++. SD protocol analyzer consists of embedded Linux software for storing SD memory data and MFC program for analyzing this. As for protocol analysis, it has been designed to collect data transmitted from SD memory card to host by Linux software for its analysis by MFC. It was found through the experiment that the CMD type could be confirmed that occurs when reading and writing data to SD memory card using the developed board, and debugging the problems that occur was possible.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.95-106
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to systematically review sex differences in episodic memory. Methods : We searched previous studies published in all electronic databases between 2010 and 2019. The key terms used in the search were 'sex differences' or 'gender differences' and 'episodic memory' or 'autobiographical memory'. 8 studies were finally extracted for analysis. Results : The 8 studies had evidence levels of II (67.5%) and III (37.5%), which are quite high. Healthy younger adults or healthy adults were recruited to examine sex differences in episodic memory. Assessment methods for episodic memory were mainly divided into cognitive tasks or standardized tests using visual or auditory stimuli. Subjects were instructed to memorize the stimuli and asked to recall them after some time. Overall females outperformed male. In particular, there were significant sex differences in verbal episodic memory. In contrast, there was no significant sex difference in visual episodic memory. Conclusion : To identify sex differences in episodic memory, a variety of test methods were used in various ways. Overall, females showed higher episodic memory than males. These findings suggest a need for cognitive intervention considering sex differences in the clinic. In the future, episodic memory tests with high ecological validity should be conducted to investigate sex differences in episodic memory.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 2015

Numerosity perception is considered as an innate ability of human being where its sensivitiy may widely vary across each individual person. The present study explored the relationship between visual working memory (VWM), visual search efficiency, and numerosity sensitivity. To accomplish this, we calculated each participant's K-value from change detection performance representing one's storage capacity in VWM, slopes of search RTs representing the search efficiency, and discrimination sensitivity for a quantity difference across two sets of dot arrays representing the numerosity sensitivity. The correlational analysis across the measurements revealed that participants with a high VWM capacity better discriminated the numerosity difference in the arrays when the spatial information in the two dot arrays was preserved. In contrast, the participants with high search efficiency discriminated better the difference in the arrays when the spatial information in the arrays was not preserved. The results indicate high VWM-capacity individuals were presumably able to use a strategy of storing the dot arrays by grouping them into a smaller pattern of dot arrays while high search-efficiency individuals were able to use a strategy of rapidly switching their focused attention across the dots in the arrays to count each individual dot. These in sum suggest that individual differences in numerosity sensitivity rely on one's working memory capacity as well as their efficient use of switching focused attention.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.351-360
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to predict visual-spatial working memory performance through the characteristics of an electroencephalogram (EEG) in the resting state. The 31 study participants, middle school students with various to academic performance, were underwent visual-spatial working memory test in the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) on December in 2014. Each 7 and 6 participants were divided into an Excellent Working Memory (EWM) group and Poor Working Memory (PWM) group depending on the forward/backward working memory scores. The EEG measurements and analysis of the data from a Brain Function Tester were performed by the two groups. A Mann-Whitney Test was used to examine the statistical differences between them. The activation of high beta (${\beta}H$) at the Fp1 and Fp2 sites in the left and right hemisphere, and that of the low beta (${\beta}L$) in the right hemisphere in the EWM group was significantly higher than that in the PWM group. In conclusion, there is a correlation between the visual-spatial working memory performance and the activation of ${\beta}H$ and ${\beta}L$ in the resting state and a close correlation that of ${\beta}L$ in the right hemisphere in terms of mental activity and faculty. Therefore, the visual-spatial working memory performance can be predicted by the activation of ${\beta}H$ and ${\beta}L$ in the resting state. The activation of EEG can be applied as an assessment tool and provide basis data for visual-spatial working memory performance.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2008

Posterior cortical atrophy(PCA) is a presenile dementia that presents primarily with signs and symptoms of cortical visual dysfunction, while memory is relatively preserved until the late stage of the disease. We report a patient with PCA, confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and $F^{18}$-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(FDG PET). A 58-year-old right-handed woman presented initially with visual dimness and difficulty finding things around her. She had partial Balint's syndrome, partial Gerstmann syndrome, and idiomotor apraxia. She also had a mild memory disturbance, but preserved insight of her disease. Neuropsychological evaluation showed decreased parietal and left temporal functions bilaterally. Brain MRI and $F^{18}$-FDG PET revealed typical bilateral occipitoparietal atrophy and hypometabolism, which were slightly worse on the right side. Cholinesterase inhibitor administration for 6 months improved the memory impairment slightly, but not the cortical visual dysfunction. This is a typical case of PCA, confirmed by neurologic signs and imaging findings.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.471-476
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• 2006

Chongmyung-tang(CMT, 聰明湯), oriental herbal medicine which consists of Polygaglae Radix(遠志), Acori Graminei Rhizoma(石菖蒲) and Hoelen(白茯神) has effect on amnesia, dementia. In order to evaluate effect of CMT on memory and learning in mice, CMT extract was used for studies. This paper describes the effects of CMT extract on memory and learning processes by using the passive and active avoidance performance tests, novel object recognition task and water maze task. The CMT extract ameliorated the memory retrieval deficit induced by ethanol in the passive avoidance responses but did not affect ambulatory activity of normal mice. These results suggest that CMT has an ameliorating effect on memory retrieval impairment. CMT extract decreased spontaneous motor activity(SMA) in the latter sessions of memory registration in active avoidance responses. These results suggest that CMT has partly transquilizing or antianxiety effects. In novel object recognition task to measure visual recognition memory, CMT-administered mice enhanced in long term memory for 1-3 days. In water maze task to measure spatial learning, which requires the activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, spatial learning in CMT-administered mice was faster than in wild-type mice. These results suggest that CMT enhances memory and activates NMDA receptors.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.57-61
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• 2019

Nowadays, portable digital cameras such as smart phone cameras are being popularly used for entertainment and visual information recording. Given a database of geo-tagged images, a visual location recognition system can determine the place depicted in a query photo. One of the most common visual location recognition approaches is the bag-of-words method where local image features are clustered into visual words. In this paper, we propose a new bag-of-words-based visual location recognition algorithm using time-series streetview database. The proposed algorithm selects only a small subset of image features which will be used in image retrieval process. By reducing the number of features to be used, the proposed algorithm can reduce the memory requirement of the image database and accelerate the retrieval process.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-51
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• 2015

The present study tested the effect of a top-down influence on recalling the colors of Stroop words. Participants remembered the colors of 1, 2, 3 or 6 Stroop words. After 1 second of a memory delay, they were asked to recall the color of a cued Stroop word by selecting out its corresponding color on a color-wheel stimulus. The correct recall was defined when the participants chose a color that was within ${\pm}45^{\circ}$ from the exact location of Stroop word's color on the color-wheel. Otherwise, the recall was defined as incorrect. The analyses of the frequency distribution of the participants' responses in the error trials showed that the probability of choosing the color-name of the target Stroop word was higher than the probability of other five color-names on the color-wheel. Further analyses showed that increasing the number of Stroop words to manipulate memory load did not affect the probability of the Stroop interference. These results indicate that the top-down interference by Stroop manipulation may induce systematic distortion of the stored representation in visual working memory.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.277-286
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and traditional cognitive training on the working memory and executive function of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. The sample consisted of 20 patients with mild traumatic brain injury who had received rehabilitation treatment in a rehabilitation unit. The subjects were assigned to either the experimental (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). The experimental group received computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and traditional cognitive training for 60 minutes, whereas the control group received only traditional cognitive training for 60 minutes. Both the groups received their respective interventions for 60 minutes a day and 5 times per week across a period of 4 weeks. Working memory and executive function were assessed using the digit span test (forward and backward), visual memory 1 and 2 of the Motor-free Visual Perception Test-3, trail making test, and Stroop test (A and B) both before and after the intervention. The experimental group showed a significantly greater improvement in visual memory and performance on the Stroop test A than the control group. These findings suggest that computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and traditional cognitive training are more effective in promoting positive changes in the working memory and executive function of individuals with mild traumatic brain injury than traditional cognitive training.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.499-504
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• 2014

This experimental research explores the effect of infographic, visual element of TV news, on audience's memory and comprehension. For this experimental research, 2 groups of subjects composed of 87 university students were exposed to two different types of TV news, one group was exposed to news with infographic, the other group was exposed to news without infographic. and questions which were designed to measure recognition memory, recall memory, and comprehension, were asked and analysed. This research found that subjects who watched news with infographic showed higher degree of recall memory and comprehension than those who watched news without infographic. however effect of infographic on audience's recognition memory could not be found.