• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.132-135
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• 2013

We presented with a patient who showed injury of the cingulum and fornix by penetration of a foreign body into the brain on diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). A 63-year-old man suffered a brain injury by a part of a power saw blade that was suddenly detached from a power saw during work. A part of the power saw blade penetrated his right frontal skull and advanced to the right posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. This penetration caused traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe and intraventricular hemorrhage in the lateral ventricle. He underwent craniotomy and removal of intracranial foreign bodies (bony pieces and saw blade). The patient's Memory Assessment Scale scores were 74 (4%ile) for global memory, 78 (7%ile) for verbal memory, and 80 (9%ile) for visual memory. DTTs showed disruptions in the anterior portion of the fornical body, right fornical crus, the anterior portion of the right cingulum, and the middle portion of the left cingulum, compared to the control. It seems that the sustained memory impairment of this patient might be related to injury of the cingulum and fornix.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the responses to positive/negative emotional stimuli for the different sensitivities of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). We recorded If-channel EEG data for 8 BAS sensitive subjects an48 BIS sensitive subjects. EEGs were analyzed with LORETA (Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography) From scalp-recorded electrical potential distribution, LORETA computes the three-dimensional intracerebral distributions of current density for specified EEG frequency bands. hs results , significant differences between the BAS sensitive group ant the BIS sensitive group appeared LORETA alpha activities over the prefrontal lobe and the cingulate gyrus. Prefrontal regions and limbic system including cingulate gyrus are involved in emotional processing. Moreover, subjects with the high BAS sensitivity. responded more sensitively to the positive stimulation than subjects with the high BIS sensitivity. Therefore, our results suggest the possibility of correlation between BAS/BIS sensitivity and positive/negative emotional stimuli.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.178-182
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• 2024

A 10-year-old spayed female Poodle was referred for blindness. On ophthalmic examination, loss of bilateral ocular pupil light reflex, visual loss, and right retinal detachment were confirmed at a local hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed to identify the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and brain disease. A sessile mass centered on the region of the optic chiasm was identified. The mass had iso- to hypointense on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted images and mildly hypointense on T1-weighted images compared to the gray matter, with strong contrast enhancement. Peripheral edema was also identified. Computed tomography (CT) brain perfusion was performed to obtain additional hemodynamic information about the patient using a multislice CT. CT perfusion showed that the cerebral blood volume in the left temporal lobe region (13.4 ± 1.6 mL/100 g) was decreased relative to the contralateral region (19.9 ± 0.3 mL/100 g). The patient showed decreased appetite and consciousness one week after the CT scan with clinical symptoms worsened. The patient had seizure, tetraparesis, and loss of consciousness. It was euthanized one month later at the request of the owner. This report suggests that CT brain perfusion can provide additional hemodynamic information such as insufficient brain perfusion in sellar region tumor which can help assess potential complications and prognosis and plan treatment.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 2024

Background and Purpose: Ventricle enlargement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied the relationship between ventricular size and cognitive function in patients with AD. We focused on the effect of the initial ventricle size on the rate of cognitive decline in patients with AD. Methods: A retrospective analysis of probable clinical AD participants with more than 2 magnetic resonance imaging images was performed. To measure ventricle size, we used visual rating scales of (1) Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) score and (2) conventional linear measurement method. Results: Increased clinical dementia rating (CDR) was correlated with a decreased Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score, and increased medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTLA) and global ventricle size (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.021, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the change in cognitive function in the group (70%-100%ile) with a large initial ventricle size (p=0.021 for ∆CDR, p=0.01 for ∆MMSE), while the median ventricle size (30%-70%ile) showed correlation with other brain structural changes (MTLA, frontal atrophy [FA], and white matter) (p=0.036 for initial MTLA, p=0.034 for FA). Conclusions: In this study, the initial ventricle size may be a potential new imaging biomarker for initial cognitive function and clinical progression in AD. We found a relationship between the initial ventricle size and initial AD-related brain structural biomarkers.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare severity, neurocognitive functions, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) according to the degree of temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) in Korean patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Methods : Participants were 114 elderly subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment in this cross-sectional study. MTA in brain MRI was rated with standardized visual rating scales (Scheltens scale) and the subjects were divided into two groups according to Scheltens scale. Severity was evaluated with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Neurocognitive functions was evaluated with the Korean version of Short Blessed Test (SBT-K) and the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease assessment packet (CERAD-K). BPSD was evaluated with the Korean version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (K-NPI). Independent t-test was performed to compare severity, neurocognitive functions, and BPSD between two groups. Results : The group with high severity of MTA showed significantly lower scores in CDR, SBT-K, MMSE-KC, modified Boston naming test, word list recognition, and word list memory (p<0.05). There were no differences in K-NPI scores between two groups. Conclusions : Severity and neurocognitive functions of dementia had significant positive association with MTA, but BPSD had no association with MTA. Evaluating MTA seems to have potential benefit in diagnosing and treating neurocognitive impairments in the elderly. Further evaluation is needed to confirm the association between certain brain structures and BPSD.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2017

Purpose During Brain SPECT study, critical factor for proper study with $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ or $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ is one of the important causes to patent's movement. It causes both improper diagnosis and examination failure. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Dynamic Continuous Mode Acquisition compared to Step and Shoot Mode to raise efficacy and reject the data set with movement, as well as, be reconstructed in certain criteria. Materials and Methods Deluxe Jaszczak phantom and Hoffman 3D Brain phantom were used to find proper standard data set and exact time. Step and Shoot Mode and Dynamic Continuous Mode Acquisition were performed with SymbiaT16. Firstly, Deluxe Jaszczak phantom was filled with $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ 370 MBq and obtained in 60 minutes to check spatial resolution compared with Step and Shoot Mode and Dynamic Continuous Mode. The second, the Hoffman 3D Phantom filled with $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ 74 MBq was acquired for 15 Frame/minutes to evaluate visual assessment and quantification. Finally, in the Deluxe Jaszczak phantom, Spheres and Rods were measured by MI Apps program as well as, checking counts with the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum and hypothalamus parts was performed in the Hoffman 3D Brain Phantom. Results In Brain SPECT Study, using Dynamic Continuous Mode rather than current Step and Shoot Mode, we can do the reading using the 20 to 50 % of the acquired image, and during the test if the patient moves, we can remove unneeded image to reduce the rate of restudy and reinjection. Conclusion Dynamic Continuous Mode in Brain study condition enhances effects compared to Step and Shoot Mode. And also is powerful method to reduce reacquisition rate caused by patient movement. The findings further indicate that it suggest rejection limit to maintain clinical value with certain reconstruction factors compared with Tomo data set. Further examination to improve spatial resolution, SPECT/CT should be the answer for that.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2012

Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) are natural response signal associated with the visual stimuli with specific frequency. By using SSVEP, occipital lobe region is electrically activated as frequency form equivalent to stimuli frequency with bandwidth from 3.5Hz to 75Hz. In this paper, we propose an experimental paradigm for analyzing EEGs based on the properties of SSVEP. At first, an experiment is performed to extract frequency feature of EEGs that is measured from the image-based visual stimuli associated with specific objective with affordance and object-related affordance is measured by using mirror neuron system based on the frequency feature. And then, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method is applied to perform the online classification of the objective pattern associated with the EEG-based affordance data. By using the SSVEP measurement experiment, we propose a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system for recognizing user's inherent intentions. The existing SSVEP application system, such as speller, is able to classify the EEG pattern based on grid image patterns and their variations. However, our proposed SSVEP-based BCI system performs object pattern classification based on the matters with a variety of shapes in input images and has higher generality than existing system.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.20-31
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• 1998

A robust algorithm to disclose and display the difference of ictal and interictal perfusion may facilitate the detection of ictal hyperfusion foci. Diagnostic performance of localizing epileptogenic zones with subtracted SPECT images was compared with the visual diagnosis using ictal and interictal SPECT, MR, or PET. Ietal and interictal Tc-99m-HMPAO cerebral perfusion SPECT images of 48 patients(pts) were processed to get parametric subtracted images. Epileptogenic foci of all pts were diagnosed by seizure free state after resection of epileptogenic zones. In subtraction SPECT, we used normalized difference ratio of pixel counts(ictal-interictal)/interictal ${\times}100%$) after correcting coordinates of ictal and interictal SPECT in semi-automatized 3-dimensional fashion. We found epileptogenic zones in subtraction SPECT and compared the performance with visual diagnosis of ictal and interictal SPECT, MR and PET using post-surgical diagnosis as gold standard. The concordance of subtraction SPECT and ictal-interictal SPECT was moderately good(kappa=0.49). The sensitivity of ictal-interictal SPECT was 73% and that of subtraction SPECT 58%. Positive predictive value of ictal-interictal SPECT was 76% and that of subtraction SPECT was 64%. There was no statistical difference between sensitivity or positive predictive values of subtraction SPECT and ictal-interictal SPECT, MR or PET. Such was also the case when we divided patients into temporal lobe epilepsy and neocortical epilepsy. We conclude that subtraction SPECT we produced had equivalent diagnostic performance compared with ictal-interictal SPECT in localizing epileptogenic zones. Additional value of these subtraction SPECT in clinical interpretation of ictal and interictal SPECT should be further evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.163-170
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• 2014

This study is to investigate neuro-anatomical correlation between neuropsychological results and cerebral cortex thickness of cognitive ability in the brain MRI targeting the patients with mild cognitive impairment. It was that 78 people who were diagnosed as first Parkinson's disease followed by neuropsychological screening battery(Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment: 39 people; Parkinson's disease with normal cognition: 39 people) and 32 people of normal group were selected. Correlation between mild cognitive impairment and normal cognitive impairment and correlation between neuropsychological screening battery and cerebral cortex thickness in the brain MRI were performed by independent sample t-test or Pearson correlation coefficient and then level of significance of collected data was verified in p<0.05. As a result, cerebral cortex thickness of the Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment in both side precuneas and right inferiortemporal lobe had statistically significant decrease. In addition, function of visuospatial ability, verbal and visual memory was reduced in neuropsychological screening battery for cognitive assessment. Especially, there was correlation between neuropsychological screening battery of verbal and visual memory anatomical left precuneus.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2002

Purpose : Hippocampal atrophy is one of the characteristic pathologic findings of hippocampal sclerosis, for which MR imaging of the hippocampus is essential in the evaluation of hippocampal sclerosis. The purpose of this study is to present the normal MR volumetric data of the hippocampus in normal adult Korean and to compare those with MR volumetric data of hippocampus in patients with hippocampal s-clerosis, providing the diagnostic volume criteria of the hippocampal atrophy. Materials and methods : MR volumetry was performed in 30 normal adults and 28 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy whose final diagnosis was hippocampal sclerosis. The volumetric data were compared between sexes, right and left sides, and normal and abnormal hippocampus, and the volume criteria for the diagnosis of hippocampal atrophy was determined. Results : The mean $volumes({\pm}standard$ deviation) of normal Korean adult were $2.20{\pm}0.73\textrm{cm}^3$ (right) and $2.17{\pm}0.72\textrm{cm}^3$ (left) in male and $2.27{\pm}0.47{\;}\textrm{cm}^3$ (right) and $2.23{\pm}0.48\textrm{cm}^3$ (left) in female. The mean right-left differences were $0.14{\pm}0.11\textrm{cm}^3$ and $0.19{\pm}0.13\textrm{cm}^3$ in male and female, respectively. The MR volumetry showed no significant statistical differences between sexes and between right and left. The mean volume and standard deviation of the hippocampus in hippocampal sclerosis patients was $1.46{\pm}0.60{\;}\textrm{cm}^3$, and the right-left difference was $0.51{\pm}0.41\textrm{cm}^3$, In comparison of two volume distributions between normal adult group and hippocampal sclerosis patients group, the reasonable diagnostic volume criteria was $0.4{\;}\textrm{cm}^3$ as right-left volume difference, in which the sensitivity and specificity are 0.61 and 0.90. In all patients with right-left volume difference more than $0.4{\;}\textrm{cm}^3$, visual determination of unilateral hippocampal atrophy was possible. Conclusion : The MR-based hippocampal volumetry is a useful add-on of visual MR diagnosis, only when visual diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis is difficult.