• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.659-667
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• 2000

Quality attributes of fresh-cut green onion(Allium fistulosum L.) as affected by rinsing and packaging were investigated in terms of flesh weight, color, viable cell counts, sensory properties during storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Fresh green onions were trimmed, cut, and rinsed with cold water(approximately $5^{\circ}C$) as well as chlorine solution(100 mg/L) and then packaged in low density polyethylene film pouches of $63\;{\mu}m$ thickness. Rinsing treatments with cold water or chlorine solution did not significantly influence changes in microbial populations but sensory characteristics, resulting in cut green onions of better visual quality as compared to the control without rinsing. Fresh-cut green onions were also rinsed with cold water and packaged in sealed bags of low density polyethylene films with different thickness(22, 36, $63\;{\mu}m$), and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 18 days. Thickness of polyethylene film was a significant factor for microorganisms populations and sensory attributes. Mesophilic aerobic bacterial count after 13 days for the control, packed in punched film bags, was $3.07{\times}10^6}$ CFU/g, while those for samples in hermetically sealed bags ranged only $1.74{\sim}2.02{\times}10^5}$ CFU/g. Gas composition within the sealed packages changed from normal air to about $1.3{\sim}5.4%\;O_2$ and $4.0{\sim}8.0%\;CO_2$ after 13 days of storage. Particularly, the visual sensory quality of cut green onion samples was retained better in polyethylene film bags of $63\;{\mu}m$ thickness(gas transmission rate: 600 $O_2\;mL/day{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}atm;\;2,500\;CO_2\;mL/day{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}atm$) than in the others.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.83-99
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• 2020

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with frequent relapses. This study was to investigate the effects of Gammakdaejo-tang(GMD) in DNCB induced atopic dermatitis mice. Methods : The study was divided into five comparion groups. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) solution was applied to Nc/Nga mice to induce atopic dermatitis, followed by normal group, negative control group with distilled water, positive control group with Dexamethasione and GMD 200mg/kg or 400mg/kg. The control group was orally administered 200㎕ once daily for 4 weeks. Visual skin condition, Immunoglobulin E, Histamine, Cytokine, Immune cells, Tissue biomarkers were observed. Results : As a result of the dermatitis score evaluation, it was confirmed that the GMD-administered group improved symptoms compared to the negative control group. As a result of measuring IgE, the GMD-administered group significantly decreased compared to the negative control group. As a result of measuring Histamine, GMD group except 200mg/kg of GMD significantly decreased compared to negative control group. As a result of measuring cytokine, GMD 200mg/kg significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to the negative control. 400mg/kg significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and significantly increased IL-2, IFNγ. As a result of confirming the immune cells, all experimental groups showed no difference in basophil, GMD group significantly reduced monocyte and eosinophil compared to negative control group, and GMD 400mg/kg group significantly reduced white blood cell and neutrophil. And significantly increased lymphocytes. As a result of measuring the gene expression level, all GMD group significantly increased TGF-β1 compared with the negative control group, and filaggrin, VEGF and EGF were significantly increased in GMD 400mg/kg group. Epidermis, dermis thickness, and eosinophil infiltration were found to be decreased in all GMD groups compared with the negative control group. Conclusions : GMD is effective in atopic dermatitis by reducing imbalance of immune response of T cells (Th1 / Th2) and reducing skin tissue damage and inflammatory response.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.534-539
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• 2005

Effects of grapefruit seed extract and Ag ion solution on the keeping quality and shelf life of mungbean sprouts were investigated in terms of weight loss, gas composition, hardness, color, ascorbic acid content, and viable cell counts during storage. Packages with $30\;{\mu}m$ polypropylene(PP) film was applied for mungbean sprouts dipped in Ag ion solution, 50 ppm and 100 ppm GFSE, 50 ppm and 100 ppm GFSE in Ag ion solution and stored $5^{\circ}C$. Totally weight loss exceeded $1\%$ and no visible signs of shrivelling of mungbean sprouts were observed. GFSE in Ag ion solution treatment, resulting in mungbean sprouts of better visual quality, weight loss, color, ascorbic acid as compared to the control without dipping. A shelf life of 6 days was achieved with 100 ppm GFSE in Ag ion solution treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.261-269
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• 2006

There is a need to restore the terrain back its natural environment after mining development. It is necessary to compare the original and developing surfaces for post-management and to analyze the terrain change to develop a process for efficient restoration plan. This study analyzes and compares change to the terrain by annual mining development using GIS. Contours digitized with CAD based on photogrammetry are classified into annual data and created by Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). By producing profiles and cross sections using TIN, many stations are distinguished. As a result of the terrain changes caused by mining development from 2000 to 2003 by operating elevation values each cell converted to raster from TIN, $11,094,460m^3$ are cut and $5,127,968m^3$ are filled up to 46% of cut volume, and annual surface changes of cut and fill area to mining are analyzed to visual and quantitative data. This study is used for the restoration plan and additional mining. And it is expected that this annual change, caused by mining development, can be used to return the terrain close to its original condition for finished mining area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.3 s.89
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• pp.103-112
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• 2006

For recent innovation of If technology and the beginning of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) service, it has been dramatically increased to setup TV system in a car for watching TV and receiving traffic Information. Watching TV while driving would distract a driver s cognitive and visual attention as eating food, operating the radio, using a cell phone. However, there is paucity of empirical researches and it is uncertain how watching TV in driving impacts on the driver's cognition in the concrete. Therefore, we surveyed domestic drivers on the attitude watching TV while driving as well as conducted experiments through a driving simulator. Especially, we recruited two groups of participants to explore the effects of watching TV on driving behavior. The result proved that the participants who watched TV while their driving had relatively narrower the attention span than the Participants who did not watch TV. Also, those who watched TV drove with less stability and more urgent operations of the brake and accelerator than those who did not watched TV Finally, we discussed limitations and implications of the study.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2007

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease catalyzing the proteolytic conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, which is involved in thrombolysis. During last two decades, the role of tPA in brain physiology and pathology has been extensively investigated. tPA is expressed in brain regions such as cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum, and major neural cell types such as neuron, astrocyte, microglia and endothelial cells express tPA in basal status. After strong neural stimulation such as seizure, tPA behaves as an immediate early gene increasing the expression level within an hour. Neural activity and/or postsynaptic stimulation increased the release of tPA from axonal terminal and presumably from dendritic compartment. Neuronal tPA regulates plastic changes in neuronal function and structure mediating key neurologic processes such as visual cortex plasticity, seizure spreading, cerebellar motor learning, long term potentiation and addictive or withdrawal behavior after morphine discontinuance. In addition to these physiological roles, tPA mediates excitotoxicity leading to the neurodegeneration in several pathological conditions including ischemic stroke. Increasing amount of evidence also suggest the role of tPA in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis even though beneficial effects was also reported in case of Alzheimer's disease based on the observation of tPA-induced degradation of $A{\beta}$ aggregates. Target proteins of tPA action include extracellular matrix protein laminin, proteoglycans and NMDA receptor. In addition, several receptors (or binding partners) for tPA has been reported such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and annexin II, even though intracellular signaling mechanism underlying tPA action is not clear yet. Interestingly, the action of tPA comprises both proteolytic and non-proteolytic mechanism. In case of microglial activation, tPA showed non-proteolytic cytokine-like function. The search for exact target proteins and receptor molecules for tPA along with the identification of the mechanism regulating tPA expression and release in the nervous system will enable us to better understand several key neurological processes like teaming and memory as well as to obtain therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 2004

Mucin coat is deposited on the embryos during passage through the oviduct in rabbit. When in vitro cultured blastocysts were transferred to the recipients, the lack of mucin coat might account in part for failure of pregnancy after transfer. The present study were carried out to investigate whether deposition of mucin coat were induced when in vitro cultured blastocysts were transferred to recipients. At 19 ～20 hours post-coitus one-cell embryos were collected by flushing oviducts. These embryos cultured for 72 hours were reached to blastocyst stage. And these blastocysts were transferred to the oviduct of asynchronized (one day later than the donors) and synchronized recipient. To confirm deposition of the mucin coat, blastocysts transferred to the oviduct were recovered at 24 and 48 hours after the transfer. Fifty eight percent of blastocysts recovered from uterus of asynchronous recipient at 24 hours after transfer and 92.9% of blastocysts recovered from uterus of synchronous recipient were 0～10 ㎛ of mucin coat thickness. And 11.8% of blastocysts of asynchronized recipients and 7.1% of blastocysts from asynchronized recipients were in 11～20 ㎛ of mucin coat thickness. When blastocysts were recovered from uterus at 48 hours after transfer, 87.0% of blastocysts from asynchronized recipients and 5.9% of blastocyst from synchronized recipients were in 0～10 ㎛ of mucin coat thickness. And 76.5% of blastocysts of synchronized recipients and 4.4% of blastocysts from asynchronized recipients were in 11～20 ㎛ of mucin coat thickness. From these results it is speculated that the low implantation rate of in vitro cultured rabbit blastocysts transferred to oviduct of recipient was caused by high degeneration of the embryo after transfer and inappropriate deposition of mucin coat.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1699-1705
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• 2006

Recent studies have suggested that oral bacteriotherapy with probiotics might be useful for preventing and managing childhood atopic dermatitis (AD). The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral treatment with probiotics for adolescent and adult AD patients as well as for childhood AD patients. Sixty-four patients with mild to moderate AD were recruited for treatment with a mixture of four probiotic strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, and Biftdobacterium lactis) twice daily for 8 weeks. The degree of pruritus was determined by a 10-point visual analog scale every other week, and the patients' global assessments of their clinical responses (i.e., better, unchanged, or worse) was done at the end of intervention. The clinical severity of the eczema was evaluated by eczema area and severity index (EASI) score every other week. As laboratory markers, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the serum, and cytokine production [interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and $interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$ by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured at the beginning and at the end of intervention. Of the 64 enrolled AD patients, only 50 patients finally completed the 8-week study. After 8-week treatment with probiotics, the EASI score was significantly improved (p<0.0001), 50% of the patients experienced improvement of their eczema, and significant improvement of the pruritus was also observed (p=0.0002). The effect was more pronounced for the patients with very high IgE levels (>1,000 ku/l) or for the patients with moderate disease severity. There was no significant difference in the therapeutic effects between the childhood AD and adolescent and adult AD patients. There were no significant changes of cytokines, as well as the total IgE and ECP levels, in the patients' serum. Treatment with the mixture of four probiotic strains was generally well tolerated. Our results suggest that the treatment with the mixture of four probiotic strains is beneficial for the management of the adolescent and adult AD patients, as well as for the childhood AD patients.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.79.2-79.2
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• 2017

To dynamically and chemically understand how filaments, dense cores, and stars form under different environments, we are conducting a systematic mapping survey of nearby molecular clouds using the TRAO 14 m telescope with high ($N_2H^+$ 1-0, $HCO^+$ 1-0, SO 32-21, and $NH_2D$ v=1-0) and low ($^{13}CO$ 1-0, $C^{18}O$ 1-0) density tracers. The goals of this survey are to obtain the velocity distribution of low dense filaments and their dense cores for the study of their origin of the formation, to understand whether the dense cores form from any radial accretion or inward motions toward dense cores from their surrounding filaments, and to study the chemical differentiation of the filaments and the dense cores. Until the 2017A season, the real OTF observation time is ~760 hours. We have almost completed mapping observation with four molecular lines ($^{13}CO$ 1-0, $C^{18}O$ 1-0, $N_2H^+$ 1-0, and $HCO^+$ 1-0) on the six regions of molecular clouds (L1251 of Cepheus, Perseus West, Polaris South, BISTRO region of Serpens, California, and Orion B). The cube data for $^3CO$ and $C^{18}O$ lines were obtained for a total of 6 targets, 57 tiles, 676 maps, and $7.1deg^2$. And $N_2H^+$ and $HCO^+$ data were added for $2.2deg^2$ of dense regions. All OTF data were regridded to a cell size of 44 by 44 arcseconds. The $^{13}CO$ and $C^{18}O$ data show the RMS noise level of about (0.1-0.2) K and $N_2H^+$ and $HCO^+$ data show about (0.07-0.2) K at the velocity resolution of 0.06 km/s. Additional observations will be made on some regions that have not reached the noise level for analysis. To identify filaments, we are using and testing programs (DisPerSE, Dendrogram, FIVE) and visual inspection for 3D image of cube data. A basic analysis of the physical and chemical properties of each filament is underway.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.164-167
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate in vitro fertilization and development of in vitro matured pig oocytes inseminated with the Duroc boar sperm by different sperm washing media after thawing of the 5 ml frozen straws. Immature follicular oocytes (30-40) were transferred into each well of a Nunc 4-well multidish containing $500{\mu}l$ mTCM199 maturation medium. The sperm rich portion of ejaculates was collected into a 250 ml insulated vacuum bottle and gradually cooled 22 to $24^{\circ}C$ over a 2 h period. Semen was centrifuged at 800 g for 10 min and the seminal plasma discarded. Sperm were esuspended in a lactose-egg yolk and N-acetyl-Dglucosamine (LEN) diluent to contain $1{\times}10^{9}$ sperm/ml and cooled to $5^{\circ}C$ over a 2 h period. Immediately before freezing, semen was rediluted with an equal volume of LEN+4% glycerol and packed into 5 ml straws. After thawing of the 5 ml straw, the 5 ml semen was diluted with 20 ml Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) at room temperature. Oocytes were inseminated with untreated (unwashed and nonpreincubated) or treated sperm (washed two times in BTS, mTLP-PVA and mTBM media, respectively and nonpreincubated) with $2{\times}10^{7}$ sperm concentration. Oocytes were coincubated for 6 h in $500{\mu}l$ mTBM fertilization. At 6 h after IVF, oocytes were transferred into $500{\mu}l$ NCSU-23 culture medium for further culture of 6 h. Sperm penetration, polyspermy and male pronuclear formation of oocytes at 12 h after IVF and developmental ability of oocytes at 48 h after IVF were evaluated. Sperm penetration rate, male pronuclear formation and rate of cleaved embryos were higher in the BTS, mTLP-PVA and mTBM treatments than the unwashed treatment (p<0.05). The rate of blastocysts from the cleaved oocytes (2-4 cell stage) were higher in the mTLP-PVA treatment than in the unwashed, BTS and mTBM treatments. In conclusion, we recommend the washing of frozen-thawed sperm with mTLP-PVA medium before in vitro fertilization of oocytes in mTBM medium.