• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of weed control and phytotoxicity of oxyfluorfen using a transgenic rice line (CPPO06 event) resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) inhibiting herbicides in the direct-seeding flooded rice. Five annual weeds including Echinochloa oryzoides and two perennial weeds were occurred in the test field. Oxyfluorfen at 120 g a.i. $ha^{-1}$ in the application timing of two days before sowing and 0 and five days after sowing showed more than 90% weed control value except for Juglans mandshurica. Total weed control value was more than 95% in any application timing indicating a highly effective herbicide in the direct-seeding flooded rice. When compared with untreated control, no visual injuries were detected at single and double dosage of oxyfluorfen. The agronomic characteristics and yield components of CPPO06 event was reasonable in any time of application in this study. Based on these data, oxyfluorfen application before and after sowing can be applied to provide effective weed management in the direct-seeding flooded field.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2001

Among the biodegradability tests, TOC-HANDAI and OECD method were utilized to examine the degree of biodegradation of endocrine disruptors, Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol. Both methods used natural water microcosms and measured their biodegrada-bilities of BPA and Nonylphenol, in terms of TOC or DOC degradation with time for 28 days. Biodegradabilities for BPA, 73-78% with TOC-HANDAI method and 77-81% with OECD method were obtained respectively at the end of experiment. There was no difference in BPA degradation between two methods. BPA degradation was described by two distinct first order decay rates (k$_1$ and k$_2$) which could be separated by a simple visual fitting. Most of the initial decay reaction accelerated within 1-7 days with k$_1$of 0.24-0.34 $day^{-1}$. And the following another long term first order decay coefficient (k$_2$) showed 0.02-0.05 day$^{-1}$ with much flat slope. About 20-25% of initial BPA remained at the end of experiment. It suggests that the remaining TOC components in BPA biodegradation considered to be refractory metabolites of BPA. Nonylphenol at each sampling point was appeared to be mineralized 20-48% of initial TOC concentration. Consequently Nonylphenol seems more recalcitrant against biodegradation. BPA was not detected in the detection limit of ppb in the watershed of Daechung reservoir and Kum river. However 25 ppb concentration of BPA was detected at the influent of industrial wastewater treatment plant in Taejon.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.87-98
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• 2011

Detecting a moving object from videos and tracking it are basic and necessary preprocessing steps in many video systems like object recognition, context aware, and intelligent visual surveillance. In this paper, we propose a method that is able to detect a moving object quickly and accurately in a condition that background and light change in a real time. Furthermore, our system detects strongly an object in a condition that the target object is covered with other objects. For effective detection, effective Eigen-space and FCM are combined and employed, and a CONDENSATION algorithm is used to trace a detected object strongly. First, training data collected from a background image are linear-transformed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Second, an Eigen-background is organized from selected principal components having excellent discrimination ability on an object and a background. Next, an object is detected with FCM that uses a convolution result of the Eigen-vector of previous steps and the input image. Finally, an object is tracked by using coordinates of an detected object as an input value of condensation algorithm. Images including various moving objects in a same time are collected and used as training data to realize our system that is able to be adapted to change of light and background in a fixed camera. The result of test shows that the proposed method detects an object strongly in a condition having a change of light and a background, and partial movement of an object.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.11-20
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• 2002

Based on regularization principles, we propose a new dequantization scheme on DCT-based transform coding for reducing of blocking artifacts and minimizing the quantization error. The conventional image dequantization is simply to multiply the received quantized DCT coefficients by the quantization matrix. Therefore, for each DCT coefficients, we premise that the quantization noise is as large as half quantizer step size (in DCT domain). Our approach is based on basic constraint that quantization error is bounded to ${\pm}$(quantizer spacing/2) and at least there are not high frequency components corresponding to discontinuities across block boundaries of the images. Through regularization, our proposed dequantization scheme, sharply reduces blocking artifacts in decoded images. Our proposed algorithm guarantees that the dequantization process will map the quantized DCT coefficients will be evaluated against the standard JPEG, MPEG-1 and H.263 (with Annex J deblocking filter) decoding process. The experimental results will show visual improvements as well as numerical improvements in terms of the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the blockiness measure (BM) to be defined.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.9
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• pp.91-102
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• 1999

It is known that the digital image enlargement technique which only uses spatially neighbored pixels information in a still image can increase the size of the image but the practical enhancement of resolution is small because the frequency bandwidth of the image is basically limited. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the digital image enlargement technique that improves the reconstruction of the edge components by selectively transposing the direction of the subwindows of pseudomedian filter according to the distribution of neighbored pixels to the interpolation point. The pseudomedian filter has the better performance in aspect of the reconstruction of edge information when the pixel values masked by two subwindows parallel to the interpolation point are very similar and the pixel values masked by another subwindow that is orthogonal to the above two subwindows are similar to each other. In this paper, the computer simulation for digital image enlargement was performed with consideration of these characteristics when selecting the subwindows of pseudomedina filter. Based on this simulation result, the performance of the proposed method was analysed and its effectiveness was assessed. According to the proposed method, visual artifacts that result from using the limited samples can be effectively suppressed, and most characteristics and shapes of the original image can be preserved as well.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose the digital image enhancement method including local tone reproduction and preservation of the hue. In recent studies, an integrated multi-scale retinex (IMSR) has produced great naturalness in the resulting images through enhancement of visibility in dark area in input images. However, most methods, including IMSR, work in RGB color spaces. As such, this produces hue distortion from the perspective of the human visual system, that is, hue distortion in CIELAB color space. Accordingly, this paper proposes an tone reproduction and enhancement of saturation method in a device-independent color space, CIELAB, to preserve the hue and obtain a high contrast and naturalness. First, to achieve the desired objectives, the IMSR is then applied to only the $L^*$ values in CIELAB color space, normalization, and simple mapping function, thereby preserving the balance of the color components and enhancement of visibility. Then, saturation adjustment is performed by applying the ratio of the chroma variation at the sRGB gamut boundary according to the corrected luminance. In experiments, the proposed method is shown to improve the visibility in dark shadows and bright regions in the resulting images and reduce any color distortion then preference test are performed.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.831-845
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• 1997

In this paper,we proposed and developed a compiler and interactive programming enviroments for C++ wich is mostly worth of nitice among the object -oriented languages.To develope the compiler for C++ we took front=end/back-end model using EM virtual machine.In develpoing Front-End,we formailized C++ gram-mar with the context semsitive tokens which must be manipulated by dexical scanner and designed a AST class li-brary which is the hierarchy of AST node class and well defined interface among them,In develpoing Bacik-End,we proposed model for three major components :code oprtimizer,code generator and run-time enviroments.We emphasized the retargatable back-end which can be systrmatically reconfigured to genrate code for a variety of distinct target computers.We also developed terr pattern matching algorithm and implemented target code gen-erator which produce SPARC code.We also proposed the theroy and model for construction interative pro-gramming enviroments. To represent language features we adopt AST as internal reprsentation and propose uncremental analysis algorithm and viseal digrams.We also studied unparsing scheme, visual diagram,graphical user interface to generate interactive environments automatically Results of our resarch will be very useful for developing a complier and programming environments, and also can be used in compilers for parallel and distributed enviroments.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.377-388
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• 2008

The aim of the present study is to compare the corrosion tendency using two kinds of NiTi files in the various environmental conditions through the visual examination and electrochemical analysis. ProTaper Universal S2, 21 mm (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and Hero 642, 0.06 tapers, size 25, 21 mm (Micromega, Besancon, France) rotary instruments were tested. The instruments were randomly divided into eighteen groups (n = 5) by the immersion temperature, the type of solution, the brand of NiTi rotary instrument and the presence of mechanical loading. Each file was examined at various magnifications using Scanning Electron Microscope (JEOL, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). EDX was used to determine the components of the endodontic file alloy in corroded and noncorroded areas. The corrosion resistance of unused and used NiTi files after repeated uses in the human teeth was evaluated electrochemically by potentiodynamic polarization test using a potentiostat (Applied Corrosion Monitoring, Cark-in-Cartmel, UK). Solution temperature and chloride ion concentration may affect on passivity of NiTi files. Under the conditions of this in vitro study, the corrosion resistance is slightly increased after clinical use.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2014

Background: Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been accepted as a main treatment option in irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with cuff arthropathy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early complication incidence and the preliminary clinical results of RTSAs performed in single institute. Methods: Fifty-seven RTSAs (56 patients) were performed between April 2011 and March 2013. The indications for RTSA were cuff tear arthropathy and irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with or without pseudoparalysis. Exclusion criteria were revision, preoperative infections and fractures. At final follow-up, 45 shoulders were enrolled. Mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months (range, 6-27 months). The mean age at the time of surgery was 73.6 years (range, 58-87 years). All the patients were functionally accessed via Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, pain and functional visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and active range of motion. Complications were documented as major and minor. Major complications include fractures, infections, dislocations, nerve palsies, aseptic loosening of humeral or glenoid components, or glenoid screw problems. Minor complications include radiographic scapular notching, hematomas, heterotopic ossification, algodystrophy, intraoperative dislocations, intraoperative cement extravasation, or radiographic lucent lines of the glenoid. Results: The mean Constant score increased from 31.4 to 53.8 (p < 0.001). The pain and functional VAS scores improved (5.2 to 2.7, p < 0.001, 4.0 to 6.7, p < 0.001) and active forward flexion improved from $96.9^{\circ}$ to $125.6^{\circ}$ (p = 0.011). One or more complications occurred in 16 (35.6%) of 45 shoulders, with one failure (2.2%) resulting in the removal of implants by late infection. The single most common complication was scapular notching (9 [20%]). There were 4 (8.9%) axillary nerve palsies postoperatively (n=3: transient n. palsy, n=1: Symptom existed at 11 months postoperatively but improving). Conclusions: In a sort term follow-up, RTSA provided substantial gain in overall function. Most common early complications were scapular notching and postoperative neuropathy. Although overall early complication rate was as high as reported by several authors, most of the complications can be observable without compromise to patients' clinical outcome. Long term follow-up is required to clarify the clinical result and overall complication rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.384-389
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• 2004

As the increase of the operation year of nuclear power plants, the probabilities of the degradation of the major facilities and materials in the nuclear power plants are increased. The integrity of those facilities shall be monitored and verified by the non-destructive examination methods with the regulation codes, so called inservice inspection(ISI). The ISI of Yonggwang unit 6 was performed in four different parts, 1) non-destructive examinations for the components, piping weldments and structures, 2) automated ultrasonic examinations for pressure vessels, 3) visual examinations for the interior structures of the reactor, 4) eddy current examinations for the steam generator tubes. As the results, there was no severe indication and all detected indications were evaluated as non-relavent. Especially for the examinations of the piping weldments, PD(Performance Demonstration) was applied as a W examination method defined in the 1995 edition of ASME Code Sec. XI. The implementation of the PD for the piping weld results in an improvement of the reliability of the UT examinations.