• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the MAUP's effect in visibility analysis using GIS. MAUP normally occurs in the process in terrain spatial analysis including visibility analysis. There are two different types of grid data(based on digital map and Digital Terrain Elevation Data) and 10 different types of areal units are made for modeling, such as $5m{\times}5m,\;10m{\times}10m,\;15m{\times}15m,\;20m{\times}20m,\;25m{\times}25m,\;30m{\times}30m,\;35m{\times}35m,\;40m{\times}40m,\;45m{\times}45m,\;50m{\times}50$. By analyzing the result, it was possible to observe varying viewshed areas according to different grid cell sizes and the viewshed area did not varied linearly as expected. From a general point of view, smaller unit data map out the real world in more detail, but the results of modeling do not always reach a good conclusion when data are used in modeling for terrain analysis because of the MAUP' effect. The grid cell sizes of 30m or less seems to be adequate for visibility analysis, including terrain analysis considering vegetation heights.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze a sample of single corridor, pod type and composite type of ICUs in terms of patient visibility, spatial configurations and nurse walking distance focused on Korean cases. Methods: The measures of static visibility were used to quantify the patient visibility (upper third part of the patient bed) from the nurse station. The measure of space programme and area distribution (patient zone percentage, staff zone percentage, circulation zone percentage, corridor length per bed, distance from nurse station (NS) to patient bed and departmental gross square meter (DGSM) per patient bed) were calculated by using AutoCAD and MS Excel programs. In the second step of analysis the values of space distribution were compared among the three type of ICUs as well as the nurse walking distance, DGSM per bed and gross factor. in the third step of analysis regression analysis was conducted for the possible correlation between visibility and space programme and area distribution factors as well as nurse walking distance factors. Results: (1) It was found that on average composite type unit offer highest value of patient visibility followed by pod type, while single corridor type unit offers the minimum value of patient visibility among the three plan typologies. (2) Average patient visibility and DGSM per bed shows a strong positive correlation ($r^2=0.75$) and p=0.026. (3) Average patient visibility and average distance from NS has a strong negative correlation ($r^2=0.78$), and P=0.02. (4) On average composite type unit offer the minimum walking distance from NS (7.22 meter) followed by pod type unit (8.35 meter) and single corridor (9.76 meter). (5) Maximum distance from NS was noted in single corridor (18.19 meter) followed by pod type unit (15.14 meter) and Composite type unit (11.1 meter). Implications: This study may contribute to the visibility analysis of existing and future ICU design in Korea to achieve maximum patient visibility and reduced nurse walking distance.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.535-542
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate how $PM_{10}$ concentration and Relative Humidity (RH) affected visibility in Jinju, Korea. A 9-yr dataset of 1 h averages for visibility, $PM_{10}$, and RH data was analyzed to examine the correlation between these variables. On average, visibility decreased by 1.4 km for every $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{10}$ and by 2.1 km for every 10% increase in RH. In general, a negative correlation was observed between visibility and and $PM_{10}$ concentration. However, under conditions of low $PM_{10}$ concentration(< $15{\mu}g/m^3$) and visibility(< 2 km), there was a positive correlation between these two variables. In this case, RH levels were high (> 75%). A high correlation analysis between two variables need to be under control conditions with RH < 75%, $PM_{10}$ $15{\sim}100{\mu}g/m^3$, and visibility > 2 km.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2010

The optimal Earth-Moon transfer trajectory considering spacecraft's visibility from the Daejeon ground station visibility at both the trans lunar injection (TLI) and lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuvers is designed. Both the TLI and LOI maneuvers are assumed to be impulsive thrust. As the successful execution of the TLI and LOI maneuvers are crucial factors among the various lunar mission parameters, it is necessary to design an optimal lunar transfer trajectory which guarantees the visibility from a specified ground station while executing these maneuvers. The optimal Earth-Moon transfer trajectory is simulated by modifying the Korean Lunar Mission Design Software using Impulsive high Thrust Engine (KLMDS-ITE) which is developed in previous studies. Four different mission scenarios are established and simulated to analyze the effects of the spacecraft's visibility considerations at the TLI and LOI maneuvers. As a result, it is found that the optimal Earth-Moon transfer trajectory, guaranteeing the spacecraft's visibility from Daejeon ground station at both the TLI and LOI maneuvers, can be designed with slight changes in total amount of delta-Vs. About 1% difference is observed with the optimal trajectory when none of the visibility condition is guaranteed, and about 0.04% with the visibility condition is only guaranteed at the time of TLI maneuver. The spacecraft's mass which can delivered to the Moon, when both visibility conditions are secured is shown to be about 534 kg with assumptions of KSLV-2's on-orbit mass about 2.6 tons. To minimize total mission delta-Vs, it is strongly recommended that visibility conditions at both the TLI and LOI maneuvers should be simultaneously implemented to the trajectory optimization algorithm.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a predictive model for patient visibility in Korean ICUs (corridor or continental type). Methods: The measures of static visibility were used to quantify the patient visibility (upper third part of the patient bed) from the nurse station. The measure of space programme and area distribution (patient zone percentage, staff zone percentage and departmental gross square meter per patient bed) were calculated by using AutoCAD and MS Excel programs. Regression analysis was conducted for visibility as dependant variable with independent variables of patient area percentage, staff area percentage as well as departmental gross square meter per bed by using IBM SPSS. Results: (1) Average patient visibility and percentage of patient area in ICU shows a strong negative correlation ($r^2$=0.66), p=0.01. (2) Patient visibility in Korean ICU (corridor or continental type) can be calculated as below with the given conditions: Y= $-1.449(X)+124.3{\pm}6$, Y is the total visibility of the ICU (corridor or continental type) and X is the percentage of patient area in the unit. Conditions:1. Given that the unit has a mixed programme of open bed and closed patient rooms and 2. The unit have a minimum of 20% patient rooms. Implications: This study may contribute to the visibility analysis of existing and future ICU design (corridor or continental type) in Korea to achieve maximum patient visibility and reduced patient mortality.

• 교육녹색환경연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2012

The number of school crime has grown continuously for last ten years and its intensity also has reached to serious condition. The concept of CPTED(Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) needs to be focused for improving school environment regarding this context. The exterior space of school environment is variously exposed to school crimes committed by colleague students and also intruders. From the perspective of school CPTED, Natural surveillance as one of the practical strategies requires the micro-scale analysis which clarifies local visibility at each different school exterior space. Thus, the purpose of this research is to develop the analysis method clarifying visibility condition at exterior space of school environment, which supports finding the condition of natural surveillance. The programmed analysis algorithm generated quantitative results clarifying Degree for static visibility and Clustering Coefficient for user tracking visibility. The result of this study produced the analysis method feasible to clarify weak natural surveillance conditions at school exterior spaces. Also, it is expected that the developed analysis method will be used to improve the layout of school exterior space from the perspective of CPTED.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2021

Fog can cause large-scale human and economic damages, including traffic systems and agriculture. So, Korea Meteorological Administration is operating about 290 visibility meters to improve the observation level of fog. However, it is still insufficient to detect very localized fog. In this study, high-resolution grid-type visibility data were retrieved from irregularly distributed visibility data across the country. To this end, three objective analysis techniques (Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Universal Kriging (UK)) were used. To find the best method and parameters, sensitivity test was performed for the effective radius, power parameter and variogram model that affect the level of objective analysis. Also, the effect of data distribution characteristics (level of normality) on the performance level of objective analysis was evaluated. IDW showed a relatively high level of objective analysis in terms of bias, RMSE and correlation, and the performance is inversely proportional to the effective radius and power parameter. However, the two Krigings showed relatively low level of objective analysis, in particular, greatly weakened the variability of the variables, although the level of output was different depending on the variogram model used. As the level of objective analysis is greatly influenced by the distribution characteristics of data, power, and models used, care should be taken when selecting objective analysis techniques and parameters.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.156-170
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• 2006

지형분석에서 최대가시권역 확보 문제는 지리정보시스템 (GIS)의 가시권 분석에서 가장 널리 활용되어 오고 있는 공간분석 방법이다. 그러나 한정된 자원과 제약 조건하에서 최대 가시권역을 확보하는 지점을 탐색하는 공간 문제는 연산 과정이 복잡하고 이미 개발된 알고리즘의 경우, 본 연구의 알고리즘과 차이가 있고 최대가시권역 문제 해결에 효과적으로 대처하지 못하고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 최대 가시권역 문제를 GIS상의 공간 최적화 문제의 하나로 정의하고 이를 해결하기 위하여 전통적인 시설물 입지 분석 알고리즘과 새로운 탐색 방법으로 일반적으로 비공간적 최적화 문제를 위해 개발, 제안되어 온 유전자 알고리즘과 시뮬레이트 어닐링 기법을 가시권 분석 문제에 적합하도록 개발하여 적용하였다. 이들 알고리즘의 적용 가능성과 성능 비교를 위해서 본 논문에서는 다양한 탐색 조건에 대한 각 알고리즘간의 가시권의 해 (visibility solution)를 비교하고, 알고리즘의 탐색 안정성 (algorithmic consistency of solution values)을 통해서 최대가시권역 탐색에 적합한 기법들의 특징을 살펴보고자 하였다. 비교 결과, 유전자 알고리즘과 시뮬레이트 어닐링 기법의 상대적 우수성과 GIS가시권 분석의 활용 가능성이 발견되었고, 향후 복잡하고 복합적인 최대 가시권역 분석을 위해서 보다 향상된 탐색 알고리즘 개발의 필요성과 이를 통한 차세대 GIS가시권 공간분석 기법 개발을 제안하고자 하였다.

• 산업공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2008

Understanding consumers' latent desires for product form has now become a critical issue in product design. Accordingly, product development processes is rapidly changing from product-oriented development to user-centered development. Driver visibility is considered as an important element of driving posture packaging in automobile interior design. This study presents a systematic process for driver visibility analysis approached from affective engineering method that provides design variable selection and screening with respect to the image/impression element of the human visibility. Also, the analysis of front visibility, often called the feeling of "openness", in motor vehicle interior design, is selected and practiced a case study using the systematic process proposed in this study. Twenty six participants evaluated the feeling of openness for thirty motor vehicles following the perceived scale of affective design factors. The results showed that variables such as the height of head lining, the height of cluster housing, the gradient of windshield and the volume of A-pillar were the critical design variables which affect the feeling of openness in a motor vehicle.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

Advertising signboards are designed for the visibility to affects recall and recognition of costumers. It is well know that the visibility from images is created by the value difference among colors. The research defines whether the background color combination of outdoor signboards is configured to maximize visibility, by a series of color value variation in complex commercial facilities. The subject of study is to examine how the visibility is made by the color combination since visibility cannot be obtained independently. Two steps of analysis were performed to confirm that the color composition of signboards was based on the color value difference. The first is to analyze that the entire colors of signboards are clearly categorized as different value groups. All components of colors, hue, value and chroma had been analyzed by color aesthetic measures to prove that the value variation has the only regularity and the principle of composition. The second step is a further verification with an ample amount of samples to determine whether series of signboards create a value altering pattern. The data for analysis is gained by colorimetric survey and the color data are used for exponentializing the degree of combining, which shows selective affinity between each pair colors.