• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2009

최근 천연의 의약품과 식품에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 약리성분이 우수하여 수요가 증가하고 있는 겨우살이 [Viscum album var. coloratum(Kom.) Ohwi] 와 겨우살이의 기주식물인 상수리나무(Quercus acutissima Carr.)가지의 조직특성을 조사하고 인공재배 기초 자료로 활용하기 위하여 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 겨우살이 종자가 기주목에 부착되면 종자로부터 성장한 흡기가 수피를 뚫고 들어가 형성층 부위에서 왕성한 세포분열을 통하여 여러 갈래로 분지를 형성하며, endophyte가 수피 속에서 성장하다가 일정한 시기가 되면 수피 외부조직으로 발달하여 줄기와 잎으로 성장하였다. 겨우살이 기주목인 상수리나무의 가지는 심재화가 진행되지 않았지만 타일로시스가 부분적으로 발달한 것은 겨우살이 endophyte의 침투영향으로 생각된다. 겨우살이 줄기의 구성세포는 도관상 가도관, 후벽세포, 방사유세포, 축방향유세포로 구성되어 있으며 활엽수로 분류되지만 도관이 분포하지 않았고 도관의 역할을하는 도관상 가도관이 있는 것으로부터 기주목 도관의 벽공과 겨우살이 가도관의 천공부가 결합하는 것으로 생각된다. 겨우살이 줄기의 구성세포 분포비율은 수령이 증가함에 따라 후벽세포의 분포비율이 높았다. 겨우살이 조직은 일반 목본식물에 비하여 유세포의 분포비율이 높고 세포내에 많은 내용물을 포함하고 있었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.662-670
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• 2006

It is well documented that an extract of European mistletoe has a variety of biological effects, such as the stimulation of cytokine production from immune cells, and additional immunoadjuvant activities. While the European mistletoe has been studied intensively, we know less about Korean mistletoe as a therapeutic plant, especially as a possible immunomodulating drug. This study will investigated the effects of Korean mistletoe lectin (Viscum album L. var. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) on murine splenocytes to investigate whether VCA acts as an immunomodulator, which could lead to improved immune responses in these cells. The results showed that VCA inhibited cell proliferation at higher concentrations (at 1-8 ng/ml) and enhanced cell proliferation at lower concentrations (at 4-32 pg/ml). Further studies were carried out to determine if the pro-proliferative or anti-proliferative activity exhibited by VCA was correlated with cytokine secretion. Consequently, interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$ secretion was decreased in concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated murine splenocytes by VCA (4-64 ng/ml), but there was no change in IL-4 levels. This suggests that VCA has the ability to modulate murine splenocyte proliferation and can possibly act on the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.215.2-216
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• 2003

Velutin and betulinic acid were isolated as a cytotoxic principle from the dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) by repeated silicagel chromatography and recrystallization. In in vitro analysis of cytotoxic activity using NIH-3T3 cells, dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe was shown to be highly cytotoxic against tumor cells. And we obtained active compound (reffered to VD-2 and VD-6) from the dichloromethane extract. (omitted)

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of International Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.259.1-259.1
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• 2001

• 생약학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2010

To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of a water extract (KMF-WE) of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) fruit, we examined its ability to induce humoral and cellular immune response against keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH). Immunized mice with KLH admixed with KMF-WE (KLH/KMF-WE) showed significant induction of KLH-specific antibodies compared to mice immunized with KLH alone. The assay for determining isotypes of antibodies revealed that KMFWE augmented KLH-specific-IgG1 and -IgG2a production. In vitro T lymphocyte proliferation analysis against KLH revealed that the splenocytes of mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE showed a significantly higher proliferative ability than those from mice immunized with KLH alone. The culture supernatants of splenocytes, which were harvested from mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE, showed higher levels of both Th-1 type (IL-2, IFN-${\gamma}$) and Th-2 type (IL-4) cytokines in response to KLH stimulation compared to those from mice immunized with KLH alone. Also, in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay, mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE showed a significantly higher reaction to KLH than mice treated with KLH alone. These results suggest that KMF-WE possess immunoadjuvant activity to enhance both antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses against protein antigens (KLH).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2009

Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) is the major component found in Viscum album var. (coloratum), displaying anti-cancer and immunostimulating activities. Even though it has been shown to boost host immune defense mechanisms, the regulatory roles of KML on the functional activation of macrophages have not been fully elucidated. In this study, regulatory mechanism of KML on macrophage-mediated immune responses was examined in terms of KML-mediated signaling event. KML clearly induced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phagocytic uptake in RAW264.7 cells. All of these events were strongly suppressed by U0126, whereas TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA was not diminished by SB203580 and SP600125, indicating ERK as a central enzyme managing KML-induced up-regulation of macrophage functions. Indeed, KML strongly induced the phosphorylation of ERK in a time-dependent manner without altering its total level. Therefore, these data suggest that ERK may be a major signaling enzyme with regulatory property toward various KML-mediated macrophage responses.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.650-657
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• 2016

Research has found that the management of the host plant is essential to mistletoe cultivation. A Trunk injection test on the host plant that contained a mixture of indole-3-butryc acid (IBA) and liquid fertilizer was conducted with respect to the improvement of the one year survival rate of mistletoe. As a result, the trunk injection experiments showed the effect of the IBA and liquid fertilizer mixture in all treatments. This mixture was effective to increase the survival rate of mistletoe by 20% with the IBA at 100 mg/L and Hyponex at 100 mg/L. The examination proved that the host plant fertilizer effect was the most effective treatment for organic fertilizer with 60% added NPK (4-2-1). Its effects were higher compared to the control at the length and diameter of one-years-old branches in the host plant, even when the parasitic mistletoe improved its growth in length, diameter, and number of branches. Comparing the control and host plant fertilizer, the latter was the most effective way to process 20 kg per a treatment effect in the experimental site and to process at any time after the inoculation. This treatment is effective to improve the growth of mistletoe by watering the host plant three times per week. Therefore, the management of the host plant is an essential element in the successful cultivation of mistletoe, not only to supply fertilizer and plant hormones to the host plant in the initial inoculation time but also to provide organic fertilizer and irrigation for the host plant.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2004

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) growing on Carpinus laxiflora BL. on proliferation and differentiation of HL-60 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Aqueous extract and its $(NH_2)_2SO_4$ saturated fractions of the mistletoe exhibited potent anti-proliferation activity against HL-60 cells. Moreover, when HL-60 cells were treated with 0~30% and 30～70% $(NH_2)_2SO_4$ saturated fractions of the mistletoe, HL-60 expressed CD 66b or CD 14 cell surface antigens and showed activity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium, indicating that mistletoe induces the differentiation of HL-60 into granulocytes or monocytes. To understand how mistletoe induces the differentiation, we investigated the expression of molecules for modulating the proliferation and differentiation of leukemia cells, such as c-Myc and myeloblastin. The 0~30% $(NH_2)_2SO_4$ saturated fraction of the mistletoe reduced the mRNA levels of c-Myc and myeloblastin in a time-dependent manner. The results indicate that the mistletoe induces the differentiation of HL-60 cells via the decrease of c-Myc and myeloblastin expressions. Thus, it is suggested that mistletoe has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2003

겨우살이 기생위치는 숙주목(상수리나무 등)의 종류에 관계없이 대부분 지면에서 5-10m높이의 일사량이 많은 상단부에 기생하였다. 줄기의 분화는 주경에서 2개씩 연속분지를 형성하였고, 잎은 정단줄기의 상단부에 2매씩 대생하였으며, 종실은 연황색의 7-8mm 크기의 장과였다. 겨우살이 화아분화는 초기 둥근 돔형의 화아정단이 형성되고 엽원기가 1, 2매 차례로 분화한 다음 심장형으로 발달하며 악편이 발생하였는데, 중앙부에서 먼저 진행되었고 이어 양측 면에 2개를 형성하였다. 잎은 이면의 표피 2-3층 아래에 기공과 공변세포가 관찰되었고, 겨우살이는 기주목의 흡착부에서 기주조직의 코르크층을 통과하여 목질부에 뿌리를 내리고 여러 갈래로 분지하여 생장하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.919-924
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• 2012

국내산 겨우살이를 천연소재 및 천연 보존료로서 활용가능성을 탐색하기 위하여 겨우살이의 methanol 조추출물과 n-hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, butanol 분획물의 식중독 세균 억제 활성과 항산화활성을 조사하였다. Ethyl ether와 ethyl acetate 분획물은 공시균주에 대하여 0.9~1.8 mm의 inhibition zone을 나타내었으며 특히 ethyl ether는 B. cereus에 대하여 가장 강한 항균효과를 보였다. 또한 겨우살이의 ethyl ether 분획물은 S. aureus에 대하여 가장 낮은 6.25 mg/mL의 MIC를 나타내었다. 겨우살이 추출물 및 용매분획물의 항산화 활성은 ethyl ether 분획물에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 겨우살이의 총 페놀함량은 ethyl ether 획분에서 가장 높았으며 ethyl acetate, n-hexane, butanol 및 methanol 조추출물과 water 획분의 순으로 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 ethyl ether 획분의 강한 항균활성과 항산화 활성은 획분중에 풍부한 총페놀화합물과 상관이 있으므로 향후 이 획분중의 활성물질의 분리 연구가 한국산 겨우살이의 기능성 소재화에 필요하다고 생각된다.