• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2006

In the present study toxicity and immunostimulating activity of the lectin(KML-C), which was extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) were investigated in swine. To determine the toxicity, lectin was injected into thigh or cervical muscles of 4-week-old piglets(Landrace) and observed clinically and pathologically. For determination of the immnunostimulating activity, lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine of Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV)(NYJ1-87) which was inactivated by 0.2% formalin was injected into the cervical muscle of antibody-negative piglets in the same age group. Subpopulation of the immune cells and serum neutralizing(SN) antibodies in the piglets were examined after vaccination, and resistance of the piglets against challenge by virulent NYJ1-87 was further examined. The results were also compared with those from piglets injected with aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccine of inactivated NYJ1-87 and NYJ1-87 vaccine without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. By injection of lectin with $30{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets died after signs such as dyspnea, fever, systemic erythema and subcutaneous hemorrhages, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with $7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets showed signs such as edema and cutaneous hemorrhage in the injected area, lameness and depression, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with 1, 3 and $5{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle of each one piglet, signs such as congestion, induration and grayish coloration in the injected area, depression and inappetence were observed in all piglets. Toxic changes were also observed in the liver and kidney of piglets by lectin of 3 and $5{\mu}g$. By injection of lectin with 0.5 and $0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the cervical muscle of each 9 piglets, all piglets were clinically normal and there were no significant changes in blood counts and chemistry values. Whereas, epithelial swelling and vacuolation of convoluted tubules were observed from one piglet injected with lectin of $0.7{\mu}g$, and necrosis and fibrosis of muscular fiber were observed in the muscle of one piglet injected with lectin of $0.5{\mu}g$. Only population of sIgM+ B lymphocytes increased among immune cells in all of 15 piglets immunized with lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine, while compared to those in $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine and vaccine without adjuvant. No additional stimulation to the immune cells was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. In piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine, SN titers in reciprocal values for loge were 1.3-4.0 at 1-4 weeks after vaccination, which was similar to those with 1.0-3.3 by vaccine without adjuvant but lower than those with 2.0-5.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Also, no additional increase in the SN titers was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine were resistant to challenge by the virulent NYJ1-87 at 4 weeks after vaccination, and the SN titers reached to 5.0 one week after challenge, which was higher than those with 4.0 by vaccine without adjuvant but somewhat lower than those with 7.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2007

한국산 겨우살이 (Viscum album)는 면역 활성효과와 항암효과가 있다는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 겨우살이 추출물 M11C (비렉틴 구성물질)가 사람의 말초혈액 단구를 활성화시켜 tumor necrosis factor-alpha $(TNF-\alpha)$를 생산 분비하게 하는지를 규명하기 위해 실험에 이용되었다. 단구로부터 $TNF-\alpha$의 생산에 있어 M11C의 효과를 알기 위해 단구를 여러 농도 $(0-2000{\mu}g/m\ell)$의 M11C로 0.5-24시간 동안 자극한 후 배양액 MCM을 수거했다. 수거한 배양액 MCM을 $TNF-\alpha$에 민감한 L929 세포에 첨가한 후 L929 세포의 독성 정도를 MTT 기법으로 검사하였는데, 배양액 MCM이 L929 독성효과를 가졌으며, 이 MCM의 L929 세포 독성효과는 $TNF-\alpha$ 항체에 의해 거의 완전하게 억제되었다. 이러한 결과는 배양액 MCM에 $TNF-\alpha$가 존재함을 지적했으며, 또한 M11C가 단구를 자극해 $TNF-\alpha$를 생산하리라고 암시했었다. 이러한 암시를 확인하기 위해 immunoblotting 기법을 사용해 배양액 MCM에 존재하는 $TNF-\alpha$을 검사를 수행했다. 검사결과 배양액 MCM에 많은 량의 $TNF-\alpha$가 검출되었다. 이러한 $TNF-\alpha$ 검출량은 단구를 자극한 M11C의 농도와 자극시간에 비례해서 증가했다. 즉, 단구로부터 $TNF-\alpha$의 생산 분비량은 M11C의 농도와 자극시간에 의존적이었다. 이러한 M11C의 농도와 자극시간의 의존적 효과는 단구로부터 $TNF-\alpha$ mRNA 발현에도 같은 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 한국산 겨우살이로부터 열탕 추출한 M11C가 면역활성제로 작용할 수 있음을 시사함과 동시에 한방탕제로 사용되는 한국산 겨우살이가 면역학적 효능을 가지고 있음을 말해주고 있다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권3호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2012

이 연구는 한국산 겨우살이 엽의 생태학적 특성을 이해하고자 P-V 곡선법에 의한 계절별 수분특성 연구를 수행하였다. 생장시기에 최대포수시의 삼투포텐셜(${\Psi}_o^{sat}$)과 초기원형질분리시의 삼투포텐셜(${\Psi}_o^{tlp}$)은 감소한 반면 최대 탄성계수($E_{max}$)와 상대함수율($RWC^{tlp}$)은 증가하였다. 11월의 신갈나무와 굴참나무의 겨우살이는 가장 높은 최대팽압 (${\Psi}_{P,\;max}$)을 보였고, 신갈나무의 압포텐셜(${\Psi}_P$)과 수분포텐셜(${\Psi}_L$)은 상대함수율의 감소에 따라 급격하게 감소하였다. 11월의 상대함수율($RWC^{tlp}$)은 모두 84% 이상을 보여 삼투조절기능이 다소 좋았으며, 건중당 삼투수(Vo/DW)와 건중당 총수분함량(Vt/DW)은 계절에 따라 변화하였다. 결과적으로 신갈나무의 굴참나무 겨우살이의 ${\Psi}_o^{sat},\;{\Psi}_o^{tlp},\;E_{max},\;{\Psi}_{P,\;max},\;RWC^{tlp}$와 같은 수분특성인자는 엽령의 증가에 따라 내건성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2009

Effects of Korean mistletoe extracts (KM-110), Viscum album coloratum on the specific and non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica were examined. The optimal concentration not showing toxicity of KM-110 was determined to $30-40{\mu}g/ml$ in vitro and $100{\mu}g$/100 g of fish in vivo. Even $1000{\mu}g$ of KM-110/100 g of fish did not show any clinical problem in fish though the levels of toxic parameters were slightly increased. In terms of antibody production, KM-110 significantly elicited more antibody production than FCA or $\beta$-glucan. $\beta$-glucan plus KM-110 group synergistically enhanced antibody production. There was no significant difference between KM-110 and KM-110 plus $\beta$-glucan group. The ROI production by head kidney (HK) leucocytes of eel injected with 500 or $1000{\mu}g$ KM-110 was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced than the control and FCA-treated group. Maximum increase in the NBT reduction value was observed in $1000{\mu}g$ KM-110 group but no significant difference was found between 500 and $1000{\mu}g$ KM group. The level of serum lysozyme activity was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the 500 and $1000{\mu}g$ KM-110- or FCA-treated group than in the control and $200{\mu}g$ KM-110 group. The phagocytic activities of HK leucocytes isolated from eel injected with 500 and $1000{\mu}g$ KM-110 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than $200{\mu}g$ KM-110 and PBS-injected control group. Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the specific and non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 Comet assay를 이용해서 차 및 전통 약재로 사용하고 있는 한국산 겨우살이의 항유전독성을 측정하고자 하였다. 겨우살이 조추출물을 분자량에 따라 14,000 이상 분획(I), $8,000{\sim}14,000$의 분획(II), $3,500{\sim}8,000$ 분획(III) 그리고 3,500 이하 분획(IV)으로 분리하였다. 이중 분획 IV만이 비종양성 3T3 세포에서 농도에 따른 MNNG에 의한 DNA 손상을 감소시켰으며 겨우살이 lectin과 viscotoxin이 포함된 분획 I, III은 활성을 전혀 나타내지 않았다. 열처리에 의해서도 분획 IV는 시간이 지남에 따라서 활성이 약간 감소됨을 나타내었으나 여전히 유의적인 효과를 지니고 있었다. 겨우살이 분획 IV로부터 얻어진 유기용매 분획의 항유전독성 평가결과, 분획 IV의 항유전독성은 주로 수용성 물질에 의해 나타나는 것임을 알 수 있었다. Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography에서, 겨우살이 분획 IV의 항유전독성에 기여하는 성분은 분자량 1,000 미만의 수용성 물질이었으며 이 저분자량 물질을 분리해내어 암 예방을 위한 기능성 식품소재로써 이용할 수 있는 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제7권2_3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

Mistletoe (Viscum album) has been widely used as a functional food material for various therapeutic purposes from ancient time. In this study, we examined anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities of heated-treated mistletoe and the effects of gamma-irradiation on its activities. Heat-treated mistletoe extract was prepared by heating during different time (3, 6, 9 and 12 h) and gamma-irradiated with different doses of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy. Heat-treated mistletoe extracts showed a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on rat insulinoma RINm5F cells and the effect was gradually decreased as heating time increased up to 12 h. 12 h heat-treated extract was no cytotoxic. Gamma-irradiation enhanced the reduction of heat-treated mistletoe-induced cytotoxicity and the decreasing effect was an irradiating dose-dependent. In particular, all of 70 kGy irradiated and heat-treated mistletoe extracts did not showed the cytotoxicity and the effect was comparable to 12 h heat-treated mistletoe extract. Among those extracts, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract gradually increased the insulin secreting activity by gamma-irradiation and the effect was the best at 70 kGy, whereas 12 heat-treated extract was no effect. On the test of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract showed the concentration dependent effects and gamma-irradiation induced more activity at 70 kGy, compared to non-irradiated 3 h and 12 h heated mistletoe extracts. These results suggest that the combination of heat treatment and gamma-irradiation might be more effective than only heat-treatment for improving the anti-diabetic activity of mistletoe extract and reducing its cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2024

Global warming is a key challenge subjecting animals to heat stress conditions resulting in multiple physiological alterations in tropical climate. Dietary approach seems to be the more friendly approach to curb the adverse effects of heat stress in rabbits. Some herbs have been categorized to have high potential for promotion of immune responses for amelioration of heat stress. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the potential of Mistletoe (Viscum album), Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus amarus) leaf meal as herbal supplements for the alleviation of heat stress in female rabbits by measuring improvement in sex and stress hormonal responses in serum biochemistry. 80 Rabbit does were exposed to 4 dietary groups supplemented with each of Mistletoe, Moringa, Phyllanthus and a control in an 84-day trial at the summit of thermal stress in South west Nigeria. Growth indices were monitored throughout the study, blood samples were compiled at the end of the trial to assess serum biochemistry, stress and sex hormonal responses of the Does using standard protocols. The results revealed that final weight and weight gain of Does fed on Phyllanthus were significantly (p < 0.05) higher (11.46% and 14.25%, respectively) than Does on control. The herbal supplements enhance glucose, protein, albumin and globulin, reduced cholesterol, and creatinine of Does under heat stress conditions. Among the herbal treatment groups, mistletoe, moringa and phyllanthus had 12.42%, 18.39% and 16.90%, respectively, lower corticosterone than control groups which had 39.76ng/ml. Triiodothyronine of Does fed control were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than Does on Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus amarus supplements. Estradiol and Follicle stimulating hormone of rabbit Does fed on moringa supplement were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than other treatments. In conclusion, the herbal supplements tend to mitigate the detrimental outcome of thermal stress on Does by suppressing stress hormones. Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus amarus enhanced sex hormones while Phyllanthus amarus confered growth promoting effects on the Does.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.578-584
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• 1999

겨우살이가 가지고 있는 lectin의 약리작용의 가능성에 대한 연구의 일환으로, lectin을 분리 . 정제하였으며, 분자량, subunit수, 탄수화물의 조성, 단백질의 아미노산 조성, 적혈구 응집력, 탄수화물 특이성, pH 및 열 안정성등의 생화학적 특성을 연구하였다. Lectin의 분리는 0.15 M NaCl에 의한 추출, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 침전, sepharose 4B affinity chromatography 및 sephadex G-150 gel filtration에 의해 11.64배 정제에 0.14%의 수율을 획득하였으며, HPLC와 전기영동을 이용하여 순도를 검정하였다. Gel filtration에 의해 분석된 lectin의 분자량은 124,000 Da이였고, SDS-PAGE에 의해 분자량이 30,000과 32,000 Da인 2개의 band로 나타나서 각각 2개의 subunit를 갖는 tetramer로 확인되었다. 겨우살이 lectin의 탄수화물은 glucose, fructose, arabinose 및 xylose를 함유하고 있다. 또한 phenlylalanine, lysine, tyrosine, aspartic acid가 비교적 풍부하였고 methionine, alanine, arginine은 비교적 적었다. Lectin은 적혈구에 종 특이성을 나타내는데 겨우살이의 혈구응집반응에서는 사람혈액형간의 차이는 없었으며, 쥐에서 가장 높았고 소에서 가장 낮았으므로 동물 종간에 대한 특이성은 뚜렸하였다. Lectin은 당 특이성을 가지는데, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-lactose 및 D-raffinose에 대해 특이성을 나타내었다. 겨우살이 lectin은 pH4~7에서 안정하였으며, 5$0^{\circ}C$까지는 10~30분 열처리해도 활성이 유지되는 열 안정성 단백질이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.441-448
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• 2011

본 연구는 멸종위기종 꼬리겨우살이의 기주선호성과 서식환경 특성을 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. 꼬리겨우살이가 자생하는 강원도 7개 지역을 선정하여 기주목의 DBH, 기주 높이, 가지고사 및 기주 당 꼬리겨우살이와 겨우살이가 자생하는 수 등을 조사하였다. 조사 결과 1,270개체의 꼬리겨우살이를 420개 기주목에서 발견하였으며, 동일한 227개 기주목에서 665개의 겨우살이를 발견하였다. 기주목은 5과 6속 8종 1변종으로 참나무과에서 86.9% 빈도로 가장 높게 나타났다. 꼬리겨우살이가 자생하는 해발고는 420~1,250 m로 나타났으며 주요 해발고는 600~900 m인것으로 나타났다. 기주목의 평균 DBH와 기주 높이는 각각 38.6 cm와 13.0 m였으며, 가지고사는 300개의 기주목에서 기주목당 1.5개의 빈도로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 기주목의 특성 중 DBH가 꼬리겨우살이의 군집과 지역적 분포에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.840-844
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• 2004

A triterpene was isolated as a cytotoxic principle from the dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe (KM； Viscum album colora turn) by repeated silica gel chromatography and recrystalli-zation. In in vitro analysis of cytotoxic activity using various human and murine tumor cell lines, the dichloromethane extract of KM was highly cytotoxic against these cells. We isolated the most active compound, referred to VD-3, from the dichloromethane extract of KM. The VD-3 was shown to be less cytotoxic to normal cells (murine splenocytes). From the identification of the chemical structure of VD-3 by spectral data and chemical synthesis, the compound was proven to be epi-oleanolic acid. Tumor cells treated with VD-3 showed a typical pattern of apo-ptotic cell death, such as apparent morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that epi-oleanolic acid is an important compound responsible for antitumor activity of KM.