• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 1998

Many cloves of native cultivated garlics in Korea were found to be infested by mites when observed with stereo-microscope. The mite was identified by light and scanning electron microscopic observation as Aceria tulipae. Surveying viruses from the vegetatively propagated garlic, highly flexuous, filamentous particles (700∼800 nm) were detected in Aceria tulipae, local lesions of Chenopodium murale after sap transmissions, mosaic garlic leaves inoculated with mite-borne virus by transmission of Aceria tulipae and naturally infected garlic leaves. The mite-borne virus isolated did not react with antisera of aphid-borne potyviruses (LYSV-G, LYSV-L, WoYSV) or carlavirus (GLV), but reacted with antisera of garlic mite-borne viruses (GV-C, GMbMV). In ultratin sections of mite-borne virus infected garlic tissues, aggregates of virus particles and membrane proliferations were found in the parenchyma cells, but cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions were not observed. Heavily mite-infested plants showed streaking and malformation due to mite feeding. The mite-borne virus was identified as garlic mite-borne mosaic virus (GMbMV), the mite-borne genus Rymovirus of the Potyviridae by mite transmission, morphology of virus particles, serological relationships, host range, distribution pattern of virus particles and inclusion bodies in the infected cells. The results demonstrate that mite-borne virus is one of the major viruses infecting native cultivated garlic plants showing mosaic or streak symptoms in Korea.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.73-78
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• 1997

A virus was purified from Korean cactus (Chamaeaereus silverstrii f. Variegata Hort) showing necrotic spots and its biophysicochemical properties were examined. The typical necrotic spots were observed on healthy looking cactus inoculated with the purified virus and the various symptoms from necrotic spots to systemic were observed on 17 species of test plats used, which suggests that the purified virus has the normal infectivity and wide host range. Ultraviolet absorption scanning analysis revealed that the viral preparation had the typical curve with shoulder at 290 nm and its ratio of absorbances at 260 nm to 280 nm and extinction coefficient was 1.156 and 2.86, respectively. The virus represented one distinct and homogeneous band and molecular weight of viral coat protein was determined to 17, 000 Dalton by SDS-PAGE. The virus revealed rod-shaped virion (325$\times$20 nm) by electron microscopy. Based on these results, it has been thought that the virus purified in this study is the pathogenic agents causing necrotic spot symptom on Korean cacuts and one of the member of tobamovirus family.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2000

Spilarctia obliqua(Wlk.) is a serious pest of mulberry which is naturally affected by its nucleopolyhedrosis virus (SoNPV) in field conditions. The polyhedral occlusion bodies (POB's) were hexahedron under scanning and transmission electron microscope and measured 0.42${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 0.67 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter. The symptoms of NPV infected S. obliqua larvae resembled with that of other NPVs' infected lepidopterous larvae. The pathogenicity and potentiality of this virus against S. obliqua was tested in the laboratory conditions and the results showed 100% mortality in larvae inoculated with SoNPV at 6.23${\times}10^5$ POBs/ml. Therefore, SoNPV appears to have a high potential as a microbial biocontrol agent against S. obliqua larvae.

• 식물병연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.44-47
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• 2004

오이녹반모자이크바이러스(CGMMV)가 오염된 포장에서 이 바이러스병의 토양전염율은 0.2∼3.5％였다. 경작지 토양과 같이 습도가 적당히 유지된 토양에서 CGMMV의 생물활성 지속기간은 17개월 후에는 바이러스의 활성이 손실되었으나, 담수 토양에서는 33개월 이상 이 바이러스의 생물활성이 유지되었다. CGMMV의 토양전염을 억제하기 위하여 정식직전 수박 묘의 뿌리를 10％ 탈지분유액에 침지하여 정식한 처리구에서는 이 바이러스병이 발병되지 않았으나, 무처리구에서는 5.0∼7.6％가 발병되었다. 탈지분유액을 처리한 뿌리를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 뿌리 주위로 얇은 막이 형성되어져 있었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38B권11호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 정보시스템에 바이러스가 ${\lambda}$의 비율을 갖는 포아송 프로세스를 따라 도착한다고 가정한다. 정보시스템에는 바이러스를 검출하고 치료하기 위해 실시간스캔과 배치스캔의 두가지 방식으로 안티바이러스시스템을 운용하고 있다. 실시간스캔 방식에서는 바이러스가 시스템에 도착하자마자 스캔하게 되어 무한 용량의 안티바이러스시스템을 보유한 것과 같은 효과가 있다. 스캔과 치료에 소요되는 시간은 일반분포를 따르는 것으로 가정한다. 배치스캔 방식에서는 시스템 관리자가 일정한 시간 간격마다 정기적으로 시스템을 스캔하여 시스템에 존재하는 바이러스들을 동시에 치료한다. 본 논문에서는 안티바이러스시스템의 동작을 확률적으로 모형화하고 경제적으로 최적운용정책이 달성되는 조건을 유도한다. 비용 요소를 고려하여 실제적인 운용 환경에서의 시사점을 제시할 수 있는 수치예제도 제시한다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.202-209
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• 2023

Android malware is now on the rise, because of the rising interest in the Android operating system. Machine learning models may be used to classify unknown Android malware utilizing characteristics gathered from the dynamic and static analysis of an Android applications. Anti-virus software simply searches for the signs of the virus instance in a specific programme to detect it while scanning. Anti-virus software that competes with it keeps these in large databases and examines each file for all existing virus and malware signatures. The proposed model aims to provide a machine learning method that depend on the malware detection method for Android inability to detect malware apps and improve phone users' security and privacy. This system tracks numerous permission-based characteristics and events collected from Android apps and analyses them using a classifier model to determine whether the program is good ware or malware. This method used the machine learning techniques KNN-SVM, DBN, and GRU in which help to find the accuracy which gives the different values like KNN gives 87.20 percents accuracy, SVM gives 91.40 accuracy, Naive Bayes gives 85.10 and DBN-GRU Gives 97.90. Furthermore, in this paper, we simply employ standard machine learning techniques; but, in future work, we will attempt to improve those machine learning algorithms in order to develop a better detection algorithm.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.5642-5670
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• 2017

Antivirus is an important issue to the security of virtual machine (VM). According to where the antivirus system resides, the existing approaches can be categorized into three classes: internal approach, external approach and hybrid approach. However, for the internal approach, it is susceptible to attacks and may cause antivirus storm and rollback vulnerability problems. On the other hand, for the external approach, the antivirus systems built upon virtual machine introspection (VMI) technology cannot find and prohibit viruses promptly. Although the hybrid approach performs virus scanning out of the virtual machine, it is still vulnerable to attacks since it completely depends on the agent and hooks to deliver events in the guest operating system. To solve the aforementioned problems, based on in-memory signature scanning, we propose an agentless runtime antivirus system VirtAV, which scans each piece of binary codes to execute in guest VMs on the VMM side to detect and prevent viruses. As an external approach, VirtAV does not rely on any hooks or agents in the guest OS, and exposes no attack surface to the outside world, so it guarantees the security of itself to the greatest extent. In addition, it solves the antivirus storm problem and the rollback vulnerability problem in virtualization environment. We implemented a prototype based on Qemu/KVM hypervisor and ClamAV antivirus engine. Experimental results demonstrate that VirtAV is able to detect both user-level and kernel-level virus programs inside Windows and Linux guest, no matter whether they are packed or not. From the performance aspect, the overhead of VirtAV on guest performance is acceptable. Especially, VirtAV has little impact on the performance of common desktop applications, such as video playing, web browsing and Microsoft Office series.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2016

Nanoparticles have wide-scale applications in various areas, including medicine, chemistry, electronics, and energy generation. Several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants provide advantages over other methods as it is easy, efficient, and eco-friendly. Nanoparticles have been extensively studied as potential antimicrobials to target pathogenic and multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Their applications recently extended to development of antivirals to inhibit viral infections. In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon) and evaluated their activity against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UVVis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cinnamon bark extract and its nanoparticles were tested against H7N3 influenza A virus in Vero cells and the viability of cells was determined by tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay. The silver nanoparticles derived from Cinnamon extract enhanced the antiviral activity and were found to be effective in both treatments, when incubated with the virus prior to infection and introduced to cells after infection. In order to establish the safety profile, Cinnamon and its corresponding nanoparticles were tested for their cytotoxic effects in Vero cells. The tested concentrations of extract and nanoparticles (up to 500 μg/ml) were found non-toxic to Vero cells. The biosynthesized nanoparticles may, hence, be a promising approach to provide treatment against influenza virus infections.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1992

소 설사병 바이러스 구조단백에 대한 단크론항체를 작성하여 혈청중화시험, 전기영동, 면역침전반응을 이용하여 분석하였던 바 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 중화능력이 있는 항체의 경우 56K내지 54K의 구조단백에 대응하였다. 그외 중화력을 나타내지 않는 항체는 45K와 36K의 바이러스 항원과 대응하였다. 순수정제된 바이러스의 전기영동 분석결과 12종 이상의 바이러스 단백성분이 구조단백질로서 검출되었으며 중화능력을 나타내는 항체를 이용한 면역침전 결과는 이들의 존재를 뒷받침하였다. 중화단백성분의 세포내 전구물질의 검출은 불가능하였으나 방사선동위원소 부착즉시 세포배지에서 바이러스의 존재를 확인할 수 있었다. Staphylococcus aureus $V_8$효소를 이용한 항원의 부분소화 분석결과 45K와 36K의 바이러스 항원은 서로 상관이 있는 것으로서 입증되었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.354-359
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• 2005

Open reading frame 29 (ha29) is a gene specific for Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearSNPV). Sequence analyses showed that the transcription factor Tfb2 motif, bromodomain and Half-A-TPR (HAT) repeat were present at aa 66-82, 4-76, 55-90 of the Ha29 protein respectively. The product of Ha29 was detected in HearSNPV-infected HzAM1 cells at 3 h post-infection. Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody produced by immunizing a rabbit with purified GST-Ha29 fusion protein indicates that Ha29 is an early gene. The size of Ha29 product in infected HzAM1 cells was about 25 kDa, which was larger than the presumed size of 20.4 kDa. Tunicamycin treatment of HearSNPV-infected HzAM1 cells suggested that the Ha29 protein is N-glycosylated. Fluorescent confocal laser scanning microscope examination, and Western blot analysis of purified budded virus (BVs), occlusion-derived virus (ODVs), cell nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction, showed that the Ha29 protein was localized in the nucleus. Our results suggested that ha29 of HearSNPV encodes a non-structurally functional protein that may be associated with virus gene transcription in Helicoverpa hosts.