• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2014

Due to limited supplies and expensive importing costs, it is a goal to replace overseas peat with local soil amendments in turf industry of Korea. The study was initiated to compare the performances of five domestic and imported organic soil amendments (OSAs) on establishment characteristics and to provide basic information for root zone composition on sports turf design and construction. The study was conducted in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KB) under greenhouse conditions from March to June in 2008. A total of 25 treatments of OSA + sand were prepared. These amendments were Berger Peat (OMA), Eco-Peat (OMB), G1-Soil (OMC), Premier Peat (OMD), and Supersoil I (OME). Significant differences were observed in establishment vigor, seedling emergence, and top growth. Results varied depending upon the type of OSAs and their rates in rootzone mixtures. OMA reached over 70% in establishment vigor in 5 WAS (weeks after seeding). OMC produced a maximum vigor of approximately 60% in 6 WAS. The OME amendment, however, showed poor performance lower than 30% in establishing KB turf until 8 WAS. There were considerable variations of top growth, being 3.8 to 14.5 cm. Greater differences in top growth resulted from OME mixtures. Shoot growth orientation in KB is also influenced by OSAs. In general, optimum mixing rate was considered as 10 to 20% for establishment vigor and 20 to 40% for top growth. Considering overall responses to establishment vigor, seedling emergence, and shoot growth, both local OMC and overseas OMD are considered as the useful soil amendments applicable for sports turfs. Domestic OME amendment would be applied for a low maintenance turfs such as rough and utility areas due to greater shoot growth. Information on these amendments would be of practical use for sports turf design and construction. Repeated experiments and field performance test are required to evaluate these OSA effect on other major turfgrass species and also to determine local OSA as imported peat substitute.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2017

Purpose: Morphological properties of soybean roots are important indicators of the vigor of the seed, which determines the survival rate of the seedlings grown. The current vigor test for soybean seeds is manual measurement with the human eye. This study describes an application of a machine vision technique for rapid measurement of soybean seed vigor to replace the time-consuming and labor-intensive conventional method. Methods: A CCD camera was used to obtain color images of seeds during germination. Image processing techniques were used to obtain root segmentation. The various morphological parameters, such as primary root length, total root length, total surface area, average diameter, and branching points of roots were calculated from a root skeleton image using a customized pixel-based image processing algorithm. Results: The measurement accuracy of the machine vision system ranged from 92.6% to 98.8%, with accuracies of 96.2% for primary root length and 96.4% for total root length, compared to manual measurement. The correlation coefficient for each measurement was 0.999 with a standard error of prediction of 1.16 mm for primary root length and 0.97 mm for total root length. Conclusions: The developed machine vision system showed good performance for the morphological measurement of soybean roots. This image analysis algorithm, combined with a simple color camera, can be used as an alternative to the conventional seed vigor test method.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.398-407
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• 2021

한반도해송숲의 지형환경, 기상조건, 토양 이화학적 성질과 곰솔의 생육상태를 조사해, 이곳 곰솔의 수세약화 원인을 찾아내고자 했다. 곰솔의 수세가 불량하거나 고사한 지역(수세불량지)과 대조구로서 곰솔의 생육상황이 양호한 지역(수세양호지)으로 나눠 조사했다. 그 결과, 수세불량지의 입목밀도는 수세양호지보다 유의적으로 높았지만, 수관폭은 반대로 수세양호지에서 더 넓었다. 고사목 개체수와 입목밀도는 서로 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였고, 또 입목밀도와 흉고직경·수고·수관고(crown height)·수관폭 사이에서는 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 입목밀도가 높으면 개체의 수관이 겹쳐 하부 가지가 죽어 수관고와 수관폭이 작아졌다. 이에 엽량 감소에 따른 광합성량이 줄어들어 수고와 직경의 생장량이 적어졌다고 본다. 이로 인해 수세가 약해지면서 해안사구라서 수분·양분의 부족과 강한 조풍 등의 환경압이 가중되어 해안가 근처의 곰솔이 대규모로 죽은 것으로 판단된다. 한반도해송숲의 고사목 발생과 수세약화 원인은 복합적이지만, 곰솔 생장에 따른 적정한 입목밀도 관리 부족이라는 내부요인을 제1 요인으로 꼽을 수 있다. 또 곰솔 생육에 불리한 토양조건과 조풍, 강풍 등의 환경압을 제2 요인이라고 볼 수 있다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.393-399
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• 2005

식생은 700nm근처에서 명확한 흡수파장대와 반사파장대를 갖고 있으므로 그 반사율의 차이가 상당히 크다. 이러한 식생의 흡수 및 반사파장대에 착안하여 식생에 관한 리모트센싱 기법을 실행하기 위하여 많은 식생지수가 연구되어지고 있다. 현재, 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 식생지수로는 정규식생지수(NDVI)와 수직식생지수(PVI)가 있다. 일반적으로 식생의 활력도를 나타내는 것은 증산속도나 이산화탄소 소비량 그리고 클로로필농도등 이지만 주로 클로로필농도를 이용한다. NDVI나 PVI을 구하는데 이용되는 적색파장대는 클로로필의 흡광작용이 강하므로 클로로필 농도를 파악하는데도 유효하다. 특히 NDVI는 개략적인 식생상황을 파악하는데 주로 사용되기 때문에 초기조사에 많이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 식생지수는 활력도와 식생피복에 관한 정보가 혼합되어 있기 때문에 활력도와 식생피복간의 중복이 없는 독자적인 파장대에 패하여 모니터링을 할 필요가 있다. 지금까지 많은 식생지수는 식생의 활력과 식생피복이 혼재되어 있어서 함께 평가하였으나 본 연구에서는 활력도와 식생피복율을 분리평가하기 위하여 잔디를 이용한 실험을 행하여 분리 평가의 효용성을 강조하고자 하였다. 따라서 분광반사특성을 이용하여 식생지수를 평가한 결과 식생의 활력과 피복을 분리하여 평가하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2007

본 연구는 현재 인력기반 중심의 측정장비인 사이고미터가 가지고 있는 제약성을 개선할 목적으로 유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크를 이용하여 수목의 수세활력도를 측정할 수 있는 자동화 시스템을 개발하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 개발된 시스템의 신뢰성을 검증하기 위하여 사이고미터와 측정값을 비교한 결과 거의 차이가 없었으며, 배터리 수명은 약 1,844일 정도 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 센서 네트워크 안정성 검증 결과 데이터 전송이 가능한 최대 거리는 130m로 나타나 산림지역이나 가로수 관리에 적용할 경우 조사 및 관리비용의 절감과 노동생산성을 향상 시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the effect of drying conditions on the germination properties of rapeseed after seeds were dried under different drying conditions: $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, or $60^{\circ}C$ in combination with 30%, 45%, or 60% relative humidity. As analytic results, drying conditions had significant effects (P-value < 0.001) and drying temperature was considered as the main factor on the germination properties of rapeseed. When drying temperature increased or relative humidity decreased, the vigor rate and germination rate decreased, the median germination time increased. The maximum values of vigor rate and germination rate were 90% and 95.44%, and their minimum values were 60.17 and 75%, respectively. To ensure the standard germination rate of 85%. The appropriate drying zone was determined and the drying temperature should be less than $51.0^{\circ}C$, $54.5^{\circ}C$ and $58.7^{\circ}C$ at 30%, 45% and 60% RH, respectively. The values for median germination time varied from 2 to 4 days. The predicted models of germination rate, vigor rate, and median germination time were determined.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate changes in seed vigor based on temperature of dry heat and duration treatment of watermelon seeds and examine the effect on percent of emergence and seedling vigor. When the upper limit temperature of dry heat treatment was raised to 80℃, the percent of the germination decreased. Moreover, T₅₀ was delayed as the upper limit temperature of dry heat treatment increased. The higher the upper limit temperature of dry heat treatment and the longer the treatment period, the higher the percentage of abnormal seedlings. The optimum upper limit temperature for dry heat treatment was 72℃, and the treatment period was five days. Seed vigor was better maintained at 30℃, 45℃, and 52℃, followed by stepwise exposure to high temperatures of 72℃, the upper limit of dry heat treatment, rather than dry heat treatment at a high temperature of 72℃ for 5 days from the initial stage of treatment. When the fungicide was added during the dry heat treatment process, the germination percentage decreased and the percent of the abnormal seedling percentage increased. However, the addition of 10 mg/kg fungicide did not significantly reduce seed vigor.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.79-91
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• 2008

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated with different experiments. An alternative environment condition requiring for a CB germination test by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$(ISTA conditions). Experiment II was conducted under a room temperature condition of 5 to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). In each experiment, data such as seed germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time were measured. Significant differences were observed in seed germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was variable with different environments and varieties. It was 61.50 to 98.25% under ISTA conditions and 55.00 to 98.50% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics among CB varieties according to different conditions. Early germination characteristics indicated that all varieties were 1 to 4 days faster in germination under ISTA conditions, when compared with natural conditions. The germination speed, measured as days to seed germination of 70% and 90%, was much faster with Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross under ISTA conditions. But it was even faster with L-93 and Penncross when grown under natural conditions. Differences were also observed in germination peak time with varieties and growing conditions. It was 0.57 to 2.86 days under ISTA conditions and 0.74 to 1.74 days under natural conditions. Regardless of the environment conditions, the shortest variety was L-93 and the longest one T-1. Considering germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time, Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions in terms of early establishment characteristics, while L-93, Penn A-1 and Penncross under natural conditions. These results suggest that an intensive germination test be needed prior to planting, for the early germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Also, a proper variety selection and comprehensive site analysis for the growing environmental conditions should be done before golf course construction.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.302-306
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• 2016

수목의 활력도는 다양한 방법으로 측정한다. 수목의 형성층 전기저항은 전기생리학적 진단 방법을 이용하여 수목의 활력도를 간접적으로 나타낸다. 본 연구는 Shigometer를 이용하여 몇 가지 수목의 활력도를 측정하고 수종 간 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 그리고 개엽 시기, 방위, 수피 온도 등 전기저항 값에 영향을 주는 요인들을 파악하고자 하였다. 측정용 탐침의 길이를 일정하게 유지하여 측정오차를 최소화하였다. 대상 수종은 성균관대학교 자연과학캠퍼스에 있는 30-40년생 느티나무, 은행나무, 메타세쿼이아, 잣나무 및 튜울립나무로 하였고 각 종당 3개체를 선정하였다. 측정 시기는 2011년 3월부터 5월까지, 지면으로부터 60 cm와 흉고높이인 1.2 m에서 동서남북 4개 방위 별로 전기저항 값을 측정하였다. 수목 부근의 토양환경과 식물의 스트레스 반응을 함께 측정하였다. 측정 결과를 바탕으로 전기저항과 영향 요인과의 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 개엽 시기 이전인 3월 중순까지는 대체적으로 전기저항 값이 높았으나 4월부터 점차 낮아지기 시작하여 5월 11일에는 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 전기저항 값의 시기별 변화는 토양수분, 토양전도도, 토양온도, 수목의 스트레스 반응과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 잣나무의 경우 겨울에도 잎이 떨어지지 않아 측정 기간 동안 전기저항 값의 변화는 크기 않았다. 느티나무, 은행나무 및 메타세쿼이아는 남쪽 방향의 수피 온도가 다른 방위에 비하여 높았으며 전기저항 값은 가장 낮았다. Shigometer는 수목의 활력도를 현장에서 간단하게 측정함으로써 수목 관리에 유용하게 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2015

The study was initiated with Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) to investigate germination and early establishment characteristics of new cultivars for a practical application to turfgrass establishment such as parks, athletic field and golf course etc. Fifteen cultivars were evaluated in different experiments. An alternative condition for a KB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Experiment II was conducted under a room temperature condition of 5 to $25^{\circ}C$ (natural conditions). Seed germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time were measured in both experiments. Significant differences were observed in seed germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was variable with different environments and cultivars. It was 75.25 to 89.50% under ISTA conditions and 75.75 to 90.25% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics among KB cultivars according to different environments. Early germination characteristics showed that all cultivars were 3 to 5 days faster in germination under ISTA conditions, when compared with natural conditions. The germination speed, measured as days to seed germination of 50% to 80%, was much faster with 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Midnight' under ISTA conditions. But it was faster with 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Odyssey' under natural conditions. Differences was also observed in germination peak time with cultivars and growing conditions. It ranged 5.94 to 14.88 days under ISTA conditions and 4.71 to 13.06 days under natural conditions. Regardless of the environment conditions, the shortest cultivars were 'Odyssey' and 'Midnight II'. The longest ones were 'Nuglade' under ISTA condition and 'Moonlight' under natural conditions. Considering germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time, 'Midnight II', 'Excursion', 'Midnight', and 'Odyssey' were regarded as excellent cultivars under ISTA conditions in terms of early establishment characteristics, while 'Midnight II', 'Excursion', 'Odyssey', and 'Courtyard' under natural conditions. These results suggest that an intensive germination test be needed prior to planting, for investigating the early germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Also, a proper cultivar selection and comprehensive site analysis for the growing environmental conditions should be done before turfgrass establishment such as golf course construction.