• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1 s.114
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• pp.59-68
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• 2006

This paper examines the conceptual shift of wilderness and its legacy to the contradictory view of nature in landscape architecture tradition. In hunting and gathering societies, there was no dichotomy between the cultivated environment and wilderness. 'Wilderness' is a word whose first usage marks the transition from a hunting-gathering economy to an agricultural society. We can identify two archetypal responses to wilderness: classical and romantic. In the classical perspective, wilderness is something to be feared-an area of waste and desolation. The conquest of wilderness and the creation of usable places is a mark of civilization. For the romantics, in contrast, untouched wilderness has the greatest significance; it has a purity that human contact tends to sully and degrade. Wilderness for the romantics is a place to revere, a place of deep spiritual significance, and an object of aesthetic experience. In the Western world, the classical position predominated until the last two hundred years when the romantic concept began to gain more ground. The shift was made possible by the change in the way nature is understood. Modernity and modern science objectified nature. The transition of the concept of wilderness exemplifies the objectification and pictorialization of nature. Wilderness in the modern era is not different from the pastoral landscape which can be controlled by landscape architects.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.429-441
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• 2008

The purpose of this study aims at analyzing the profit from manage a fishing place in the cultivating fishery by embankment. With the spread of the living pattern laying stress on the quality of life and the introduction of a 5-day workweek system, demand for tourism and leisure are increasing steadily and available time for them is getting longer. However, those newly-increasing demands for tourism and leisure will have a tendency of focusing on adventurous and experiential activities. From the point of view, it is needed to develop something new that can meet those kinds of demands for an experiential tourism and activity, particularly based on the cultivating fishery by embark a bay. Marine recreational fishing is one of the most popular outdoor leisures and the number of people who are participating is sharply increasing more and more because of the increasement of their income and demand for marine leisure. In this regard, this paper is focused on the economic analysis a fishing place in the cultivating fishery by embankment. According to the analysis result, the cultivating fishery by embankment is a profitable business operating fishing place in their place.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2019

Minimal art, which began to flourish in the mid-1960s, explores perceptual situations caused by the involvement of objects in given site contexts. This has led to the mentions of minimal art as a site-specific art, but its limitations have also been pointed out. This study specifically addresses the limitations of minimal art as a site-specific art with two perceptual points of view. First, according to Michael Fried, situations described as 'now here' focus largely on the bodily experiences of a place. However, they do not rooted in specific time and space of a certain place. Second, the unique characteristics of a certain place are excluded from the perception of the body which occupies the passage of time. Self-sufficient algorithm, which is far from site-specific conditions, is the autonomous system creating the period in the way of arrangement of objects. In addition, Minimal art regards a body only as the objectivity excluding the subjectivity which is essential creating meaning in a place. In the latter part of the article, these features are dealt with through Donald Judd's works. This study on site-specificity also provides a new perspective on the discussion of Minimal architecture and Minimal landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2007

This study focused on the one and only temple of on the coastline of the West Sea, Kimje's Manghae Temple and Mt. Jinbong. The purpose of this study was to research the unique sense of place of the area by researching the location and view that clearly shapes the identity of the landscape. The following are the results. 1. The cultural landscape of Manghae Temple and the natural landscape of Mt. Jinbong have characteristics which take in the coastline and skyline, respectively. Specifically, from the existential vertical-horizontal images of "sky - land - Mt. Jinbong" and "moon - cloud - sea", an ascending reflection of the landscape surroundings can be found. 2. The "Sea - Manghae temple - Mt. Jinbong - sky" is the representation of the moderate 'inside-space' which belongs to the particular landscape area and which also shows the topophilia to Manghae Temple. Through this kind of interpretation, the sense of place of Manghae Temple and Mt. Jinbong reveals an intra-structure of an Imaging Landscape implying harmony and moderation, which is a unified organization of the surrounding phenomena(Temple and Mountain) and the essence (the doctrine of Buddhism) that matches Jin-muk's asceticism and lifestyle. 3. While the cultural landscape of Manghae Temple has a strong religious reference, the natural landscape Mt. Jinbong emphasizes the geography of the landscape. In other words, the motivating factor of Manghae Temple is a metaphorical sense of place such as through the "prospect of the sea" or "the Western Sea Paradise" and Mt. Jinbong, the landmark of the Kimje-Mankyung Plains and the focal point of the West Sea sunset, is highlighted as a simile for this sense of place. 4. Keeping this sense of place and territory respectively and showing the. bond with the sense of place which develops rhythmically and continuously, Manghae Temple and Mt. Jinbong are sublimated into a unified intra-structure, which reflects the Imaging landscape characteristics of "Mt. Jinbong, a focal point of the Mankyung Plains facing the West Sea" and "Manghae Temple, looking out to sea".

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2003

Coronal/non-coronal asymmetry refers to the typological trend wherein coronals rather than non-coronals are more likely targets in place assimilation. Although the phenomenon has been accounted for by resorting to the notion of unmarkedness in formalistic approaches to sound patterns, the examination of rules and representations cannot answer why there should be such a process in the first place. Furthermore, the motivation of coronal/non-coronal asymmetry has remained controversial to date even in the field of phonetics. The present study investigated the listeners' perception of coronal and non-coronal stops in the context of $VC_{1}C_{2}V$ after critically reviewing the three types of phonetic accounts for coronal/non-coronal asymmetry, i.e., articulatory, perceptual, and gestural overlap accounts. An experiment was conducted to test whether the phenomenon in question may occur, given the listeners' lack of perceptual ability to identify weaker place cues in VC transitions as argued by Ohala (1990), i.e., coronals have weak place cues that cause listeners' misperception. 5pliced nonsense $VC_{1}C_{2}V$ utterances were given to 20 native speakers of English and Korean. Data analysis showed that majority of the subjects reported $C_{2}\;as\;C_{1}$. More importantly, the place of articulation of C1 did not affect the listeners' identification. Compared to non-coronals, coronals did not show a significantly lower rate of correct identifications. This study challenges the view that coronal/non-coronal asymmetry is attributable to the weak place cues of coronals, providing evidence that CV cues are more perceptually salient than VC cues. While perceptual saliency account may explain the frequent occurrence of regressive assimilation across languages, it cannot be extended to coronal/non-coronal asymmetry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.49-63
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• 2002

While the existing feng-shui is largely approached architecturally and geographically as positive place and negative place, the study is characterized by approaching and analyzing poong-soo environmentally. The theory of Eco-city as one of modern-city theories is worthy of studying by analyzing the merits and demerits of it and combining it with poong-soo and making a new alternative theory. Theory of Natural Energy and principle of Natural Balance. Thus, poong-soo ideas can be an important view of nature in analyzing the theory of Eco-city which is coming to the front these days. In particular, we try to make use of poong-soo as a basic theory for a city planning and design by studying and analyzing and combining the merits and demerits of Eco-city with poong-soo and presenting a new alternative method of a stable and balanced "refined city development". On the other hand, we connect 'theory with practice(or experience)' by covering all spaces variably from minimum unit space to city-space from the standpoint of poong-soo. But, problem of the Theory of Eco-city from the view of poong-soo are too artificial and theoretical, even if ideal. Conversely, from the view of Eco-city, the possibility of the practicability of Korean poong-soo is judged to be high. we can tell that among capital cities applied by poong-soo, historical cities like Beijing in China, Seoul in Korea and Tokyo in Japan are poong-soo cities in accordance with the requirements of Eco-city.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.7-28
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• 2005

We are so used to the concept of the term 'space' that we do not question its conceptual validity. However, this paper argues that the notion of space prevailing all over the world, is not a universal concept that can be applicable to all architectures of the world, but is a particular concept that is generated from the Western way of thinking. This paper alms to identify the conceptual structure of the idea of space as it is originated in the tradition of the West, and, as an alternative view of space, tries to identify the nature of the view of space perceived in the tradition of the Eastern architecture. Comparison of the two views, that of the East and the West, and their meaning in the future of architecture, is another task to discuss in this paper. To be able to clarify the meaning of space in East Asian tradition, a set of new perspective of understanding of space was invited. They are ; 1. sky-earth(天地); insisting that the notion of space should be replaced within the context of sky, which is one half of sky-earth totality 2. energy of the air (空氣), space is not empty part inside of a building, but is a dynamic condition of air that is a part of the sky which always exist in form of energy 3. place(자리): instead of space, which, basically. is a man-made concept, idea of place is necessary, which include not only space but also earth Such concept of space which is different from the notion of space of the West, is meaningful not only to identify the idea of space in the East, but also to be able to contribute for more dynamic, varied, and balanced understanding of space.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2015

Efficient multi-view coding techniques are needed to reduce the complexity of multi-view video which increases in proportion to the number of cameras. To reduce the complexity and maintain image quality and bit-rates, an motion estimation method and temporal prediction structure are proposed in this paper. The proposed motion estimation method exploits the characteristic of motion vector distribution and the motion direction and motion size of the block to place search points and decide the search patten adaptively. And the proposed prediction structure divides every GOP to decide the maximum index of hierarchical B layer and the number of pictures of each B layer. Experiment results show that the complexity reduction of the proposed temporal prediction structure and motion estimation method over hierarchical B pictures prediction structure and TZ search method which are used in JMVC(Joint Multi-view Video Coding) reference model can be up to 45∼70% while maintaining similar video quality and bit rates.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 1997

As a study on a traditional garden with historical value, the objective of this study is to comprehensively understand the internal meanings of the garden in a designer's personal perspective. Tasanchodangwon was designed Chung Yakyong who is a scholar of Practical Learning in late Chosun Dynasty. Considering the features of him and basic approach of this study, the internal eanings of the Tasanchodangwon was approached with the focus on the view of nature of him, and through general review of physical components of the garden. Additionally the meanings of the garden were also reviewed in his personal situation. The result of the study may be summarized as followings. First, according to the view of nature of Chung Yakyong, his intention to enrich life practically by building separate structures for education for his residence, creating lake by having water supply, and creating vegetable garden relates with the view of nature in Primary confucianistic perspective. In addition, the place served as a ground to support Chung Yakyong's attitude to become a man of virtue, Second, his preference to enjoyu tea culture allowed an opportunity for him to accept circumstance positively and discover the self. Components related to farming reflects his Practical Learning. The man-made rock mountain in the pond is a specific technique for Yi-Jing. And third, literatures authored by Chung Yakyong show that internal meaning of Tasanchodangwon is to pursue an utopia. This is closely related to solving his conflicts felt in reality. In short, Tasanchodangwon is a form reflecting the spiritual world of Chung Yakyong, and through interaction with his life, served as a ground to culture his mind.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1995

In this paper, marine casualties occurred in Korean coastal and near-coastal seas, from 1989 to 1993, were analysed. The main results obtained were as follows : 1. According to the numerical component ratio of marine casualties, fishing vessels account for higher portion than other vessels and passenger vessels lower portion. On the other hand, in view of the occurring ratio of that, fishing vessels account for very low rate of accidents and passenger vessels very high rate. 2. Most of marine casualties resulted from the human factors such as careless operation and insufficient engine maintenance, etc. Collision accidents took a majority of all marine accidents in all of vessels, but engine trouble accounted for main cause of accidents in fishing vessels. 3. In view of the results on classifying marine casualties into time zone, great number of accidents took place in dawn, but that of fishing vessels in forenoon. 4. According to the view of the occurring ratio of the injury, the rate was 0.33% in total vessels and 0.18% in fishing vessels. 5. In view of the marine casualties by age and shipboard career, crews with 10~20 years shipboard career raised more marine accidents than others.