• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to establish the critical limit of CCP (Critical Control Point) of a HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system used in the production of seasoned laver products. The hazard analysis examined microbial evaluations and developed a HACCP management plan for the heating process. The results were determined to be capable of reducing the biological element of CCP via the secondary roasting process. This study examined general bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus at temperatures ranging from $170^{\circ}C$ to $230^{\circ}C$ and for 3.0 to 5.5 seconds at a time. Before the secondary roasting process, pathogenic microorganisms were all negative, although the presence of general bacteria was still detected. General bacteria was reduced to $1.0{\times}10CFU/g$ after the temperature was set at $230^{\circ}C$ for a period of 5.5 seconds. In conclusion, it suggested that a HACCP plan was necessary for management standard and systematic approach in the establishment of critical limit, problem resolution, verification method, education, and records management through a secondary roasting process.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2011

Transparent and conductive carbon nanotube on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were prepared by dip-coating method for self-sensing multi-functional nanocomposites. The changes in the electrical and optical properties of CNT coating mainly depended on the number of dip-coating, concentration of CNT solution. Consequently, the surface resistance and transmittance of CNT coating were sensitively controlled by the processing parameters. Surface resistance of CNT coating was measured using four-point method, and surface resistance of coated CNT could be better calculated by using the dual configuration method. Optical transmittance of PET film with CNT coating was evaluated using UV spectrum. Surface properties of coated CNT investigated by wettability test via static and dynamic contact angle measurement were consistent with each other. As dip-coating number increased, surface resistance of coated CNT decreased seriously, whereas the transmittance exhibited little lower due to the thicker CNT networks layer. Interfacial microfailure properties were investigated for CNT and indium tin oxide (ITO) coatings on PET substrates by electrical resistance measurement under cyclic loading fatigue test. CNT with high aspect ratio exhibited no change in surface resistance up to 2000 cyclic loading, whereas ITO with brittle nature showed a linear increase of surface resistance up to 1000 cyclic loading and then exhibited the level-off due to reduced electrical contact points based on occurrence of many micro-cracks.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.1299-1308
• /
• 2016

Our previous studies clearly demonstrated that a combination of WP 631 and Epo B has higher activity against ovarian cancer cells than either of these compounds used separately. In order to fully understand the exact mechanism of action in combination, we assessed effects on the cell cycle of SKOV-3 cells. We evaluated three control points essential for WP 631 and Epo B action to determine which cell cycle-regulating proteins (CDK1/cyclin B complex, EpCAM or HMGB1) mediate activity. The effects of the drug on the cell cycle were measured based on the nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry. Expression of cell cycle-regulating genes was analyzed using real-time PCR. It was discovered that WP 631, at the tested concentration, did not affect the SKOV-3 cell cycle. Epo B caused significant G2/M arrest, whereas the drug combination induced stronger apoptosis and lower mitotic arrest than Epo B alone. This is very important information from the point of view of the fight against cancer, as, while mitotic arrest in Epo B-treated cells could be overcame after DNA damage repair, apoptosis which occurs after mitotic slippage in combination-treated cells is irreversible. It clearly explains the higher activity of the drug combination in comparison to Epo B alone. Epo B acts via the CDK1/cyclin B complex and has the ability to inhibit CDK1, which may be a promising strategy for ovarian cancer treatment in the future. The drug combination diminishes EpCAM and HMGB1 expression to a greater degree than either WP 631 and Epo B alone. Owing to the fact that the high expression of these two proteins is a poor prognostic factor for ovarian cancer, a decrease in their expression, observed in our studies, may result in improved efficacy of cancer therapy. The presented findings show that the combination of WP 631 and Epo B is a better therapeutic option than either of these drugs alone.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.10 no.4 s.28
• /
• pp.43-55
• /
• 2001

Living spaces are the results of social environment and also the reflection of the viewpoints by their residents toward human culture and society. Therefore, in studying living spaces, the true essence of the spaces could be easily distorted when cultural and symbolic motives and values are disregarded and only their apparent characteristics are looked into. Hence, it's necessary to simultaneously understand both physical dwelling spaces from architecture's view points and social ideas, simultaneously, of people who form and interact with the spaces. Hence, this paper tries to study housing religion which is one of shamanistic religions which, in turn, have been the fundamental element of ancient religions and came into existence on the basis of dwelling spaces. This study presumes that house religion may have been permeated with its creators' ideas about living and those ideas could be one of those factors which plays a role in organizing of dwelling spaces. As such, with these prior analyses, this thesis attempts to understand the meaning of various dwelling spaces via the characteristics and functionalities of various house spirits which are mentioned in a local house religion and also will find out spatial harmony of Korean traditional living spaces by way of corelations among living spaces, people, and personalized house spirits. Almost all traditional Korean houses have assigned a house spirit to their individual dwelling space. This means a traditional house was considered as a scared space in a secular world called human society and the space was actually intended to protect sacredness of dwelling places from earthliness outside. So when the hierarchy of house spirits in housing religion is projected to a Korean traditional house, it can be shown that a dwelling house as a building was personified to a respectable human status. In other words, it can be concluded that each space was synonymous with a dwelling place for each house spirit and was considered a sacred godly place. In a nutshell, not only each space in a Korean traditional house was a physical and functional space, but also it formed a scared spatial place along with the concept of house spirits intending to ward off disasters and enjoy a comfortable life through those religious symbols and meanings. Housing shamanistic religion which has long been existing with residents and their lives is seeped with the viewpoints of the residents toward life, and hence understanding the meanings and organization of Korean traditional housing can reveal commonly practiced principles of spatial organization of the traditional houses. Therefore an analysis of Korean traditional housing on the basis of humanistic social ideas will help learn Korea's traditional houses which need to be understood in various methods.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2007

Purpose: This study was aimed at evaluating the diagnostic validity of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer cells by performing multiple genetic marker analysis via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastric cancer cell lines and gastric cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 12 human gastric cancer cell lines and 10 gastric cancer tissues with four mRNAs of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Cytokeratin 20 (CK20), dopa decarboxylase (DDC), and L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase (L3PP). Results: Out of the 12 human gastric cancer cell lines we tested, CEA was overexpressed in four cell lines (33%), CK20 in one (8%), DDC in six (50%) and L3PP was expessed in all the lines (100%). Out of the 10 gastric cancer tissues we tested, CEA was overexpressed in nine tissues, CK20 in eight, DOC in nine and L3PP was overexpressed in all the tissues. L3PP was overexpressed in all the gastric cancer cell lines and tissues, but the levels of overexpression were lower than those of CEA and DDC. Conclusion: Multiple genetic marker analysis can compensate for the weak points of single marker analysis when testing gastric cancer, and three mRNAs of CEA, DDC and L3PP can be used as candidate genes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2013

Due to the increased interest in global warming, interest in forest resources aimed towards reducing greenhouse gases have subsequently increased. Thus far, data related to forest resources have been obtained, through the employment of aerial photographs or satellite images, by means of plotting. However, the use of imaging data is disadvantageous; merely, due to the fact that recorded measurements such as the height of trees, in dense forest areas, lack accuracy. Within such context, the authors of this study have presented a method of data processing in which an individual tree is isolated within forested areas through the use of LIDAR data and ortho-images. Such isolation resulted in the provision of more efficient and accurate data in regards to the height of trees. As for the data processing of LIDAR, the authors have generated a normalized digital surface model to extract tree points via local maxima filtering, and have additionally, with motives to extract forest areas, applied object oriented image classifications to the processing of data using ortho-images. The final tree point was then given a figure derived from the combination of LIDAR and ortho-images results. Based from an experiment conducted in the Yongin area, the authors have analyzed the merits and demerits of methods that either employ LIDAR data or ortho-images and have thereby obtained information of individual trees within forested areas by combining the two data; thus verifying the efficiency of the above presented method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.34-42
• /
• 2009

This study was executed to introduce a greenhouse style "Evergreen Park" to apartment complexes to target hands-on resident participation and application rather than a mere viewing of the plants as a way to provide convenient and profitable service to residents in a year-round center of usable outside space. The four key points can be summarized as follows: first, subtropical plants are evergreen broad-leaved trees, which maintain their green during all four seasons the leaves are thick and glossy. Greenhouses geared toward these subtropical trees-mainly broad-leaved evergreen species-are in planning to introduce these unique, elegant plants to temperate regions. Residentswill not only gain an education regarding these species but will be provided with the best quality evergreens at very reasonable maintenance costs. Second, subtropical plants greenhouses introduced in apartment complexes are suggested for structures connected via underground passage as well as free-standing structures so as to make use of geothermal heating and apply to reducing sunlighting. Third, as a way to provide (1) health & relaxation(evergreens, herb garden, water space), (2) community & education (plant flea market/plant hospital, plant-related lecture(exhibition), hands-on experience program), (3) a vine garden for year-round use such festivities as a Butterfly Festival, Aroma festival, Smile Oak Nuts, Candlelight Festival and Christmas Photo Site. Lastly, it has been suggested that the operation and maintenance of these greenhouses will be both by resident council operation management and by outsourcing company operation management.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.375-382
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate suppression of Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) colonization by long-term xylitol consumption among pregnant women who can easily get bad oral hygiene status during pregnancy and breast feeding. Participants were voluntarily recruited for a pregnant women's oral health prevention program, classified into two groups(a control and a xylitol group), and then followed for 18 months. Stimulated whole saliva was collected in the afternoon(1:00-3:00 p.m.) at baseline, 6 months, 12months, and 18 months. Information regarding oral health behavior(tooth brushing frequency and regular dental visits) was obtained via a questionnaire. S. mutans counts of the xylitol group decreased considerably between baseline and the re-examinations at 6, 12, and 18 months. Although the S. mutans counts decreased for all time points compared to baseline in the control group, these differences did not reach significance except 18 months. Regular chewing of xylitol gum over a long period may lead to decrease the colony counts of S. mutans.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.37B no.12
• /
• pp.1091-1101
• /
• 2012

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is expected to offer local area services with low transmit power and short link distance, even not via any infrastructures. These advantages will lead to the deployment of D2D systems in a massive scale, where the order of magnitude of D2D user density is higher than that of cellular user density. Network-assisted D2D systems, where D2D resources are managed by cellular networks, are unable to support the large number of D2D devices, due to the signaling overhead for control signals. In this case, no coordination can be an answer. This paper considers uncoordinated D2D systems, which is implemented with a number of D2D devices in a large scale. By analyzing the transmission capacity of D2D systems, we found a feasibility condition under which the uncoordinated D2D communications possibly coexist within cellular networks, sharing the uplink spectrum. In addition, we provide guidelines for the operational points of massive D2D communications, giving some knowledge about proper transmit power level and link distance of uncoordinated D2D.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.27-38
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the latest trends of korean Medicine treatments on traffic accident for recent 5 years. Methods : We investigated the studies on korean Medicine treatments for traffic accident via searching 6 Korean web databases. As a result, 65 research papers were found to be analyzed according to their published year, the titles of journals, the types of study, the number of cases, the sites of injury, the types of treatments the instruments for assessment and ethics approvals. Results : 65 articles were published since 2008. The studies on korean Medicine treatments about traffic accident were mainly published in Journal of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine. 10 case studies, 14 case series, 11 non randomized controlled trials, 21 randomized controlled trials and 9 systemic reviews had been under research. The most frequently occurred symptoms were neck pain and low back pain. In most studies, various korean Medicine treatments were used to treat the symptoms. Visual analogue scale(VAS) and neck disability index(NDI) were used as primary assessments. In most clinical studies, there were no mention about approval of institutional review board(IRB). Conclusion : In this study, we analyzed the trends of korean Medicine treatments on traffic accident from 2008 to 2012. Reviewing the domestic trends of studies on korean Medicine treatments for traffic accident and examining the strong and weak points of those treatments are essential for the future studies. It is needed to adopt the qualitative methods of evaluation in order to develop a level of evidence.