• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.408-417
• /
• 2024

It was confirmed whether PB-81, a 50% ethanol extract of Daphne genkwa (Siebold & Zucc), had an inhibitory effect on virus proliferation in bovine rotavirus and a therapeutic effect on bovine diarrhea disease. The results showed that PB-81 induced the interferon beta in A549 cells, an epithelial cell line and interferon gamma in NK92 cells, a blood cell line. Furthermore, to confirm the viral proliferation inhibitory effect of PB-81, PB-81 was administered to MBDK cell line before, during, and after infection. Result shows that the virus was suppressed in all cases where PB-81 was administered, and the best virus suppression effect was achieved when PB-81 was administered before virus infection. In the toxicity test in mice, no side effects due to toxicity were observed, even at a maximum dose of 20 mg/mL. To verify the therapeutic effect on 16 cattle with bovine rotavirus diarrhea and 4 cattle in the control group, PB-81 was administered at a dose of 20 mg/5 mL, and No fatality was observed during the treatment. The average recovery duration from the initial administration of PB-81 was 2.25 days in the PB-81 administration group and 6.5 days in the control group without PB-81 administration. No side effects were observed from the tested cattle with rotavirus diarrhea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.66 no.5
• /
• pp.1021-1033
• /
• 2024

Exosomes have been extensively studied as disease biomarker in humans, given their role in transporting bioactive molecules. However, despite the great potential of exosomes as noninvasive diagnostic markers and therapeutic nanocarriers for bovine diseases, few studies have been conducted on bovine exosome. Thus, this study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively compare three isolation methods to identify a suitable method for bovine serum. Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation alone (UC), a combination of ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography (US), or membrane affinity-based exoEasy kit (EE). Isolated particles were evaluated using a range of complementary techniques. Transmission electron microscopy showed that all three isolation methods resulted in particles with a cup-shaped morphology. The particle concentration measured by nanoparticle trafficking analyzer of US was lower compared to those of UC and EE method. As a result of immunoblotting, exosome markers including TSG101, CD81, and HSP70 were detected in US particles, while in UC and EE, only TSG101 expression was confirmed. Particles isolated from UC and EE showed a contamination with the blood protein albumin, whereas particles from US did not show albumin contamination. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of using exosomes as biomarkers, the profiles of the small RNA in the exosomes were compared using the bioanalyzer 2100. As a result, in the EE method, the band of small RNA (25-200 nt) was most prominent, and in the US methods, a distinct band was observed in the small RNA range. Collectively, the purity of exosomes without non-exosomal contamination was highest in the US method. However, for the detection of small RNA, the EE method was found to be the most suitable. Therefore, the results suggest that the optimal isolation method varies depending on the specific purpose of exosome isolation.

• International Journal of Oncology
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.368-378
• /
• 2020

Meridianin C is a marine natural product with anticancer activity. Several meridianin C derivatives (compounds 7a-j) were recently synthesized, and their inhibitory effects on pro-viral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases, as well as their antiproliferative effects on human leukemia cells, were reported. However, the anti-leukemic effects and mechanisms of action of meridianin C and its derivatives remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of meridianin C and its derivatives on MV4-11 human acute myeloid leukemia cell growth. The parent compound meridianin C did not markedly affect the viability and survival of MV4-11 cells. By contrast, MV4-11 cell viability and survival were reduced by meridianin C derivatives, with compound 7a achieving the most prominent reduction. Compound 7a notably inhibited the expression and activity of PIM kinases, as evidenced by reduced B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated death promoter phosphorylation at Ser112. However, meridianin C also suppressed PIM kinase expression and activity, and the pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 only slightly suppressed the survival of MV4-11 cells. Thus, the anti-survival effect of compound 7a on MV4-11 cells was unrelated to PIM kinase inhibition. Moreover, compound 7a induced apoptosis, caspase-9 and -3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, but did not affect death receptor (DR)-4 or DR-5 expression in MV4-11 cells. Compound 7a also induced the generation of cleaved Bcl-2, and the downregulation of myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl)-1 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) in MV4-11 cells. Furthermore, compound 7a increased eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2α phosphorylation and decreased S6 phosphorylation, whereas GRP-78 expression was unaffected. Importantly, treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) significantly attenuated compound 7a-induced apoptosis, caspase-9 and -3 activation, PARP cleavage, generation of cleaved Bcl-2 and downregulation of Mcl-1 and XIAP in MV4-11 cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the strong anti-survival and pro-apoptotic effects of compound 7a on MV4-11 cells through regulation of caspase-9 and -3, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, XIAP, eIF-2α and S6 molecules.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.23-62
• /
• 1969

Throughout the studies the following experimental results were obtained and are summarized: 1. Multiplication of agents in primary cell cultures of both GF classical and CR-64 acute strain of Marek's disease infected chicken kidneys was accompanied by the formation of distinct transformed cell foci. This characteristic nature of cell transformation was passaged regularly by addition of dispersed cell from infected cultures to normal chicken kidney cell cultures, and also transferred was the nature of cell transformation to normal chick-embryo liver and neuroglial cell cultures. No cytopathic changes were noticed in inoculated chick-embryo fibroblast cultures. 2. The same cytopathic effects were noticed in normal kidney cell monolayers after the inoculation of whole blood and huffy coat cells derived from both forms of Marek's disease infected chickens. In these cases, however, the number of transformed cell foci appearing was far less than that of uninoculated monolayers prepared directly from the kidneys of Marek's disease infected chickens. 3. The change in cell culture IS regarded as a specific cell transformation focus induced by an oncogenic virus rather than it plaque in slowly progressing cytopathic effect by non-oncogenic viruses, and it is quite similar to RSV focus in chick-embryo fibroblasts in many respects. 4. The infective agent (cell transformable) were extremely cell-associated and could not be separated in an infective state from cells under the experimental conditions. 5. The focus assay of these agents was valid as shown by the high degree of linear correlation (r=0.97 and 0.99) between the relative infected cell concentration (in inoculum) and the transformed cell foci counted. 6. No differences were observed between the GF classical strain and the CR-64 acute strain of Marek's disease as far as cell culture behavior. 7. Characterization of the isolates by physical and chemical treatments, development of internuclear inclusions in Infected cells, and nucleic acid typing by differential stainings and cytochemical treatments indicated that the natures of these cell transformation agents closely resemble to those described fer the group B herpes viruses. 8. Susceptible chicks inoculated with infected kidney tissue culture cells developed specific lesions of Marek's disease, and in a case of prolonged observation after inoculation (5 weeks) the birds developed clinical symptoms and gross lesions of Marek's disease. Kidney cell cultures prepared from those inoculated birds and sacrificed showed a superior recovery of cell transformation property by formation of distinct foci. 9. Electron microscopic study of infected kidney culture cells (GF agent) by negative staining technique revealed virus particles furnishing the properties of herpes viruses. The particle was measured about $100m{\mu}$ and, so far, no herpes virus envelop has been seen from these preparations. 10. No relationship of both isolates to avian leukosis/sarcoma group viruses and PPLO was observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.965-973
• /
• 2014

Three studies were conducted to investigate whether a chelated Cu can replace $CuSO_4$ as a growth promoter in pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 240 piglets (Large White${\times}$Landrace, $7.36{\pm}0.10kg$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments with 8 replicates and 10 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control ($CuSO_4$, 6 mg/kg), two Cu supplementations from either $CuSO_4$ or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ at 170 mg/kg. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ were 6.0% heavier than pigs fed either the NRC control or 170 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ (p = 0.03) at the end of the experiment. During the 42 days of experimental period, pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ gained 9.0% more (p = 0.01), tended to eat more feed (p = 0.09), and had better feed efficiency (p = 0.06) than those fed $CuSO_4$. Compared with the 6 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ NRC control, liver Cu was increased 2.7 times with 170 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ supplementation, and was further increased with $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ (4.5 times, p<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 616 crossbred piglets (PIC, $5.01{\pm}0.25kg$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates and 22 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control (from $CuSO_4$), and three pharmaceutical levels of Cu (150 mg/kg) supplemented either from C$CuSO_4$, tri-basic copper chloride ($Cu_2[OH]_3C1$), or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$. Pigs fed $CuSO_4$ or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had better feed efficiency (p = 0.01) and tended to gain more (p = 0.08) compared with those fed the NRC control. Pigs fed $Cu_2[OH]_2C1$ were intermediate. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had the highest liver Cu, which was significantly higher than those fed ($Cu_2[OH]_3C1$) or the negative control (p = 0.01). In Exp. 3, a total of 1,048 pigs (PIC, $32.36{\pm}0.29kg$) were allotted to 6 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 20 to 22 pigs per pen. The treatments included a NRC control with 4 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$, a positive control with 160 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$, and incremental levels of $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg. During the overall experimental period of 100 days, no benefit from 160 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ was observed. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had increased ADG (linear and quadratic, $p{\leq}0.05$) and feed efficiency (linear and quadratic, $p{\leq}0.05$) up to 80 mg/kg and no further improvement was observed at 160 mg/kg for the whole experimental period. Pigs fed 80 mg/kg $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ weighed 1.8 kg more (p = 0.07) and were 2.3 kg heavier in carcass (p<0.01) compared with pigs fed 160 mg/kg $CuSO_4$. In addition, loin depth was increased with increased $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ supplementation with pigs fed 80 mg/kg $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had the greatest loin depth (p<0.05). In summary, $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ can be used to replace high $CuSO_4$ as a growth promoter in nursery and grower-finisher pigs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.449-454
• /
• 2008

This research examined whether feeding single extracts or complex extracts of Bulnesia sarmienti, together with a high fat diet, could improve serum lipid levels and reduce fat mass in rats. Test groups were fed the extracts, combined with a high fat diet, for eight weeks, and subdivided into seven groups: normal, control, and five treatment groups (BS: B. sarmienti extracts; BS-S: B. sarmienti and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge extracts; BS-M: B. sarmienti and Morus alba Linne extracts; BS-SM1: B. sarmienti, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Morus alba Linne extracts; and BS-SM2: BS-SM1 extracts at a 2-fold concentration). After feeding the test substance for 8 weeks, no significant differences were found for food intake, water intake, change in body weight, or food efficiency ratios (FER) among the groups. However, serum LDL-cholesterol had increased by 14.1% in the BS-S group. When compared with the control group, total cholesterol levels in the BS, BS-S, BS-M, BS-SM1, and BS-SM2 groups were reduced by 36.0, 14.5, 40.4, 17.5, and 22.5%, respectively, with the greatest change shown in the BS-M group. In terms of triglycerides, levels in BS, BS-S, BS-M, BS-SM1, and BS-SM2 had decreased by 41.9, 8.5, 62.3, 17.7, and 14.5%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the BS group showed a significant decrease in fat mass. In conclusion, the BS and BS-M groups showed significant effects with respect to improved serum lipid profiles and body fat mass when they were fed a high fat diet in combination with the respective extracts.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.185-197
• /
• 2009

For utilizing Cattail pollen as a raw material for functional foods, the nutrients such as free sugar, free amino acid, fatty acid composition, flavonoid content, and the biological activity within Cattail pollen were measured. The results of proximate analysis within Cattail pollen included the following readings: 12.7-13.2% of moisture, 15.7-17.8% of crude protein, 1.3% of crude fat, 7.5-7.7% of free sugar, 13.7-18.6% of crude fiber, 3.4-4.9% of ash, and 49.7-55.9% of nitrogen free extracts. The composition of free amino acids consisted of 1.923% of T. orientalis, 0.907% of T. angustata, and 0.333% of T. latifolia, which were measurements that varied significantly among different species. However, all species showed considerable portions of GABA alanine, glutamic acid, and proline. Specifically, it was shown that the GABA composition, which is known for increasing immunity while simultaneously lowering blood pressure, exceeded 50%. Therefore, this result implies that Cattail pollens have potential as a powerful utilization for functional foods. The composition of the fatty acids mainly consisted of linoeic, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid, and didn't show many variances across different species. Also, the total contents of unsaturated fatty acid were particularly high with a measured ratio of 67.2-76.0% value. Mineral in Cattail pollen was composed of 0.354-0.492% of K, 0.0516-0.0546% of Mg, 0.045-0.0486% of Ca, and 0.0101-0.0204% of Na. Among the Cattail pollens known as anti-oxidants, flavonoid contains 0.169-0.186% of quercetin, and therefore is the largest constituent followed by rutin making up a measurement of 0.0094-0.0147%. For the purpose of the study, the Cattail pollen and its extracts were fed to SC class rats for a span of 4 weeks. Then, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured from the tested rats'serums and the results showed significant variances. Also, the results indicated that the cholesterol and glucose levels in the blood were decreased which in turn led to the conclusion that the cattail pollen can help hyperlipidemia and diabetic treatments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of amides as a cryoprotectant for semen cryopreservation in Korean Jeju Black Bull. The semen was cryopreserved with extenders containing 5% dimethyl acetamide (DMA), 5% dimethyl formamide (DMF), 5% methyl formamide (MF) or 7% glycerol. Post-thawed sperm were evaluated for sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity and membrane integrity. Post-thawed sperm motility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF ($64.00%{\pm}9.62$ and $59.00%{\pm}5.48$, respectively) than DMA and MF ($50.00%{\pm}3.24$ and $44.00%{\pm}4.18$, respectively). Sperm viability wassignificantly higher (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF ($58.25%{\pm}7.35$ and $53.05%{\pm}3.77$, respectively) than others. However, for sperm motility and viability, there were no differences among glycerol and DMF. Also, swelling sperm ratio by hypo-osmetic selling test (HOST) was significantly increased (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF treatments ($45.12%{\pm}25.08$ and $44.95%{\pm}8.58$, respectively). The percentage of capacitated sperm assessed by CTC staining, F pattern was lower (p<0.05) in DMF than others. B pattern was increased (p<0.05) in DMA, DMF and MF when compared with glycerol. AR pattern ratio was decreased (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF when compared with DMA and MF. These results suggested that amides performed better and could be used as a cryoprotectant for semen freezing of Korean Jeju Black Bull.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.596-601
• /
• 2010

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a mixture of hyaluronic acid and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ($Guardix-sol^{(R)}$) on experimental pericardial adhesion. Material and Method: Thirty rats were divided into 2 groups of 15 rats each and pericardial mesothelial injury was induced during surgery by abrasion. In the control group, blood and normal saline were administered into pericardium; in the test group, blood and HA-CMC solution were administered. Pericardial adhesions were evaluated at 2 weeks (n=5), 4 weeks (n=5), and 6 weeks (n=5) after surgery. The severity of adhesions was graded by macroscopic examination, and the adhesion tissue thickness was analyzed microscopically with Masson trichrome stain and an image processing program. Result: The test group had significantly lower macroscopic adhesion scores ($2.9{\pm}0.6$ : $3.9{\pm}0.4$, p<0.000) compared with the control group. For microscopic adhesion tissue thickness, the test group had lower scores compared with the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant ($91.73{\pm}49.91$ : $117.67{\pm}46.4$, p=0.106). Conclusion: We conclude that an HA-CMC solution ($Guardix-sol^{(R)}$) reduces the formation of pericardial adhesions in this animal model.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.229-236
• /
• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and relationships of Ogye populations in Korea. A total of 243 genomic DNA samples from 6 Ogye population (Yeonsan Ogye; YSO, Animal Genetic Resources Research Center Ogye; ARO, Chungbuk Ogye; CBO, Chungnam Ogye; CNO, Gyeongbuk Ogye; GBO, Seoul National University Ogye; SUO) and 3 introduced chicken breeds (Rhode Island Red; RIR, White Leghorn; LG, Cornish; CN) were used. Sizes of 25 microsatellite markers were decided using GeneMapper Software(v 5.0) after analyzing ABI 3130XL. A total of 153 alleles were observed and the range was 2 to 10 per each locus. The mean of expected and observed heterozygosity and PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) value was 0.53, 0.50, 0.46 respectively. The lowest genetic distance (0.073) was observed between YSO and SUO, and the highest distance (0.937) between the RIR and CBO. The results of clustering analysis suggested 3 clusters (${\Delta}K=7.96$). Excluding GBO population, 5 Ogye populations (YSO, ARO, CBO, CNO, SUO) were grouped in same cluster with high genetic uniformity (0.990, 0.979, 0.989, 0.994, 0.985 respectively). But GBO population was grouped in cluster 1 with low genetic uniformity (0.340). The results of this study can be use to basic data for the genetic evaluation and management of Ogye populations in Korea.