• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2016

Purpose: The previous reports regarding VUR resolution were not precise due to early frequent surgical intervention. We evaluated the spontaneous resolution (SR) rate and the incidence of new renal scars in primary VUR, focusing on severe reflux. Methods: Medical records of 334 patients with primary VUR who were on medical prophylaxis without surgery for 1 to 9 years, were retrospectively reviewed. Medical prophylaxis was initiated with low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis or probiotics. Radioisotope cystourethrography was performed every 1 to 3 years until SR of reflux. New renal scar was evaluated with follow-up $^{99m}Tc$ DMSA renal scan. Results: The SR rates decreased as VUR grades were getting higher (P=0.00). The overall and annual SR were 58.4% and 14.9%/yr in grade IV reflux and 37.5% and 9.3%/yr in grade V reflux. The median times of SR were 38 months in grade IV reflux and 66 months in grade V reflux. The probable SR rates in grade IV and V reflux were 7.8% and 8.9% in the 1st year, 46.0% and 30.8% in the 3rd year and 74.4% and 64.4% in the 5th year. The incidences of new renal scars between low to moderate reflux and severe reflux showed no significant difference (P=0.32). Conclusion: The SR rates of severe primary VUR were higher than previously reported and most new renal scars were focal and mild.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1997

목적 : 방광 요관 역류는 소아에서 반복적인 요로감염을 일으키며 역류성 신병증으로 진행하는 질환으로 복부 초음파, DMSA scanning, 배뇨성 요도 방광 조영술등으로 확진할 수 있으나 이런 방사선학적 검사는 관혈적 방법으로 환아에게 동통 및 불쾌감과 합병증이 발생할 수 있고 검사 시행에 시간이 필요한 단점이 있다. 이에 저자들은 내원 당시 환아의 임상 증상과 혈액 및 뇨의 생화학 검사 소견을 이용하여 방광요관 역류의 가능성을 조기에 예측할 수 있는지 알아 보고자 본연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1993년 7월부터 1994년 6월까지 요로감염증으로 고대병원 소아과에 내원한 환아중 방광요관 역류가 있는 24명(A군)과 대조군으로 방광요관 역류를 동반하지 않은 요로감염증 환아 16명(B군)을 대상으로 내원당시의 발열, 혈뇨 및 단백뇨의 유무, C-반응 단백, 혈중 요소질소, 크레아티닌, $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$로 측정한 사구체 여과율, 요중${\beta}_2$-microglobulin, 24시간 뇨중 알부민 양등을 측정 비교하였다. 결과 : 1) 방광 요관역류는 편측성이 14례, 양측성이 10례였으며 International Reflux Study Committee 분류법상, 역류를 보인 34신장중에 Grade I이 3신, Grade II 9신, Grade III 11신, Grade IV 11신의 분 를 보였고 Smellie등에 의한 분류상, 신반흔이 있던 14례중 type A 5례, type B 5례, type C 4례였고 type D는 없었다. 2) A군과 B군간의 평균 사구체 여과율, 혈중 요소질소, 크레아티닌, 24시간 뇨중 알부민의 양과 혈뇨, 단백뇨의 유무 비교는 통계적 의의가 없었다. 3) 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin의 평균값은 A군이 $283.6{\pm}195.8{\mu}g/l$, B군이 $78.7{\pm}48.5{\mu}g/l$로 방광요관 역류가 있는 경우가 의미있게 높았다 (p<0.01). 4) 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$이상이면서 내원당시 C-반응 단백이 양성인 경우 민감도 93.3%, 특이도 77.8%(p<0.01)로, 또 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$ 이상이면서 발열이 있었던 경우 민감도 92.2%, 특이도 62.5%(p<0.01)로 방광요관 역류가 동반되었다. 결 론 : 요로감염증으로 내원한 환아가 내원당시 발열이 있거나 C-반응 단백이 양성이면서 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$ 이상인 경우 방광요관 역류가 존재함을 예측할 수 있어 임상적으로 유용한 지표가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.977-982
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• 2003

목 적 : 방광요관 역류증이나 역류성 신병증을 가진 요로감염 환아에서 다양한 요단백(${\beta}_2$ MG, microalbumin) 또는 효소(NAG)의 배설을 측정하여 방광요관 역류의 정도나 역류성 신병증을 예측할 수 있는 지표 및 방광요관 역류증의 소실에 따른 이들 지표의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 요로감염증으로 진단 받았던 환아 중 방광요관 역류와 신반흔이 없었던 환아는 I군(n=30), 방광요관 역류증만 있었던 환아는 II군(n=12), 신반흔 및 방광요관 역류증을 같이 가지고 있었던 환아는 III군(n=34)으로 분류하여 24시간 또는 12시간 소변에서 ${\beta}_2$ MG, microalbumin, NAG를 측정하였다. 방광요관 역류의 정도가 낮은군(reflux grade I, II, III)과 높은군(reflux grade IV, V)으로 분류하여 두 군에서의 요중 ${\beta}_2$ MG, microalbumin, NAG 값을 비교하였다. 방광요관 역류를 가진 46명의 환아 중 16명에서 방광요관 역류가 완전히 소실되었고, 방광요관 역류증이 소실될 때까지 매년 24시간 또는 12시간 소변검사, VCUG, DMSA renal scan을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 1) 24시간 또는 12시간 소변에서의 microalbumin과 NAG는 III군에서 I군과 비교하여 의미있게 증가되어 있었고(microalbumin : $27.7{\pm}26.0mg/gCr$ vs $15.0{\pm}10.7mg/gCr$, P<0.05, NAG : $15.2{\pm}18.7U/gCr$ vs $3.4{\pm}2.2U/gCr$, P<0.05). ${\beta}_2$ MG는 각 군간의 통계적으로 의미있는 차이가 없었다. 2) 방광요관 역류의 정도에 따라서는 높은군(grade IV, V)에서의 NAG값이 낮은군(grade I, II, III) 보다 의미있게 증가되어 있었다($26.8{\pm}27.1U/gCr$ vs $7.6{\pm}3.8U/gCr$, P<0.05). 3) 방광요관 역류증의 소실에 따른 요단백 및 효소의 수치 변화에 있어서는 microalbumin과 NAG가 방광요관 역류증이 완전히 소실되었을 때 통계적으로 의미있게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 소아 요로감염 환아에서 역류성 신병증의 존재 여부 및 추적 관찰에서의 방광요관 역류의 소실여부를 예측하는데 microalbumin과 NAG의 측정이 유용하며, 특히 NAG는 방광요관 역류의 심한 정도를 예측하는데 유용한 지표가 될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.367-370
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• 2012

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial illness in children. Acute pyelonephritis in children may lead to renal scarring with the risk of later hypertension, preeclampsia during pregnancy, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency. Until now, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been considered the most important risk factor for post-UTI renal scar formation in children. VUR predisposes children with UTI to pyelonephritis, and both are associated with renal scarring. However, reflux nephropathy is not always acquired; rather, it reflects reflux-associated congenital dysplastic kidneys. The viewpoint that chronic kidney disease results from renal maldevelopment-associated VUR has led to questioning the utility of any regimen directed at identifying or treating VUR. Despite the recognition that underlying renal anomalies may be the cause of renal scarring that was previously attributed to infection, the prevention of renal scarring remains the goal of all therapies for childhood UTI. Therefore, children at high risk of renal scar formation after UTI should be treated and investigated until a large clinical study and basic research give us more information.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2015

Introduction: This study investigated whether renal and bladder ultrasonography (RBUS) findings performed in children with the first incidence of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) can predict UTI recurrence, high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (high-grade VUR), or acquired renal scarring (aRS). Methods: In all, 917 children who were admitted to our hospital from January 2001 to October 2010, owing to the first incidence of febrile UTI were enrolled in this study. All children underwent RBUS during admission. The mean follow-up was 7.9 months (standard deviation $[SD]{\pm}13.3$). UTI recurrence rates were calculated according to various clinical parameters. By using bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses, we determined whether age, sex, abnormal RBUS findings, abnormal dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan findings, or RBUS findings parameters were predictive of UTI recurrence, high-grade VUR, or aRS. Results: On RBUS, hydronephrosis and congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract significantly predicted UTI recurrence. A small kidney, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, cortical thinning, and increased parenchymal echogenicity significantly predicted high-grade VUR. However, their odds ratios (OR) are low compared to normal RBUS findings (recurrent UTI: OR 0.432 and 0.354 vs. 0.934, respectively, high-grade VUR: .019, 0.329, 0.126, 0.058, and 0.188 vs. 2.082, respectively). No RBUS findings significantly predicted aRS. Recurrent UTI, high-grade VUR, and abnormal RBUS findings significantly predicted aRS (OR of 4.80, 4.61, and 2.58, respectively). Conclusion: RBUS is necessary to exclude severe congenital renal scarring, obstructive uropathy, and renal abscess at the first incidence of febrile UTI and is helpful in determining the need for subsequent clinical imaging.

• Urogenital Tract Infection
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between uropathogens of infants with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Materials and Methods: We analyzed 308 infants hospitalized for febrile UTI between January 2010 and December 2015, and assessed the voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). The medical records, including clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, urinalysis, urine culture tests, ultrasound (US), dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, and VCUG, were retrospectively obtained. The incidences of VUR and high-grade VURs (III, IV, and V) were analyzed in 4 groups categorized by uropathogens and renal US findings. Results: The mean age of 308 infants was $3.29{\pm}2.18months$. The male-to-female ratio was 3.46:1. In urine culture tests, 267 infants (86.69%) showed single bacterial uropathogen; Escherichia coli in 241 infants (78.25%) and non-E. coli uropathogens in 26 infants (8.44%). Multiple distinctive microorganisms were identified as causative uropathogens in 41 infants (13.31%). Abnormal findings of US and VCUG were identified in 216 and 64 patients, respectively. In 308 infants, the incidences of VUR and high-grade VUR were not different among the 4 groups. In 239 male infants, the incidences of high-grade VUR were higher in patients with non-E. coli single or multiple uropathogen and with abnormal US findings (p=0.042). Conclusions: In male infants with non-E. coli uropathogen or multiple uropathogens and with abnormal US findings at febrile UTI, there was an increased chance of finding high-grade VURs on subsequent VCUG tests.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2006

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is the major risk factor of urinary tract infection(UTI) in children and may result in serious complications such as renal scarring and chronic renal failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between VUR and renal scar formation, the usefulness and correlation of various imaging studies in reflux nephropathy, and the spontaneous resolution of VUR. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 106 patients with VUR with no accompanying urogenital anomalies in the Department of Pediatrics, Bundang CHA Hospital during the period from Jan. 1996 to Mar. 2005. Ultrasonography and $^{99m}Tc$-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan were performed in the acute period of UTI. Voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) was performed 1 to 3 weeks after treatment with UTI. Follow-up DMSA scan was performed 4 to 6 months after treatment and a follow-up VCUG was performed every 12 months. Results : The mean age at detection of VUR was $13.8{\pm}22.2$ months and the male to female ratio was 2:1. The incidence of renal scarring showed a tendency of direct correlation between severity of VUR(P<0.001) and abnormal findings of renal ultrasonography(P<0.01). 63.2%(24 of 38 renal units) of renal parenchymal defects present in the first DMSA scan disappeared on follow-up DMSA scans. Follow-up DMSA scans detected renal scars in 7(14%) of 50 renal units with ultrasonographically normal kidneys. Meanwhile, ultrasonography did not show parenchymal defects in 7(36.8%) of 19 renal units where renal scarring was demonstrated on a follow-up DMSA scan. The spontaneous resolution rate of VUR was higher(75%) in cases with low grade(I to III) VUR(P<0.01). Conclusions : The presence and severity of VUR and abnormal findings of renal ultrasonography significantly correlated with renal scar formation. DMSA scan was useful in the diagnosis of renal defects. Meanwhile renal ultrasonography was an inadequate method for evaluating renal parenchymal damage. Therefore, follow-up DMSA scans should be performed to detect renal scars even in children with low-grade VUR and normal renal ultrasonography.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2018

Purpose: To determine the relationship between vaginal reflux (VR) and urinary tract infection (UTI) in female children aged <36 months. Methods: A single center retrospective study was performed for 191 girls aged <36 months, with a diagnosis of febrile UTI, who underwent a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for assessment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) at Sanggye Paik Hospital. Fifty-one girls, who underwent VCUG for assessment of congenital hydronephrosis or renal pelvis dilatation, without a UTI, formed the control group. The correlation between the presence and grade of VR and UTI was evaluated. Results: The prevalence rate of VR was higher in the UTI (42.9%) than control (13.7%) group (P<0.05), with a higher VR severity grade in the UTI (mean, 0.64) than control (mean, 0.18) group (P<0.05). On subanalysis with age-matching (UTI group: n=126, age, $5.28{\pm}2.13months$; control group: n=22, age, $4.79{\pm}2.40months$; P=0.33), both VR prevalence (43.65% vs. 18.18%, P<0.05) and grade (0.65 vs. 0.22, P<0.05) remained higher in the UTI than control group. Presence and higher grade of VR were associated with UTI recurrence (P<0.05). VR was correlated to urosepsis (P<0.05). The renal defect rate of patients with VR (VR [+]/VUR [+]) was not different from that of patients without VR (74% vs. 52%, P=0.143) in the VUR group; however, it was higher than that of VR (+)/VUR (-) patients (74% vs. 32%, P=0.001). If a child with VR (+)/VUR (+) is exposed to a UTI, the risk of renal defect increases. Conclusion: Occurrence of VR is associated with UTI recurrence and urosepsis in pediatric female patients.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2022

Purpose: Delta neutrophil index (DNI) indicates immature granulocytes in peripheral blood and has been confirmed to be effective as a prognostic factor for neonatal sepsis. Also, it has been reported to have diagnostic value in acute pyelonephritis and in predicting vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the infant. We conducted the study to verify whether DNI is also helpful in the entire pediatric age group with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: Medical records of children hospitalized for febrile UTIs were analyzed retrospectively. All subjects underwent kidney ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography. In the group with and without VUR, we compared sex and age, and the following laboratory values: the white blood cell count, neutrophil, polymorphonuclear leucocyte, eosinophil, hemoglobin, platelet count, C-reactive protein, DNI value, and the finding of ultrasound. Results: A total of 315 patients (163 males and 152 females; range, 0-127 months) were eligible, and 41 patients (13%) had VUR. As a result of univariate analysis, the white blood cell count, neutrophil, DNI, and ultrasonic abnormalities were high in the reflux group, and the hemoglobin and lymphocyte fraction values were low. The value of DNI and the abnormal ultrasound were significantly higher in the reflux group on the multivariate analysis. The area under the curve value of the receiver operating curve was higher in DNI (0.640; 95% confidence interval, 0.536-0.744; P=0.004), and the DNI cutoff value for VUR prediction was 1.85%. Conclusions: We identified that ultrasound findings and DNI values were helpful predictors of VUR in pediatric febrile UTIs.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2008

목 적 : 신실질내 역류란 소변이 신우에서 신세뇨관으로 역류하는 것을 의미하며 소아에서 신손상을 초래하여 신반흔, 고혈압, 단백뇨, 만성신부전등을 일으킨다. 본 연구의 목적은 방관 요관 역류가 있으면서 신실질내 역류가 있는 환아군과 신실질내 역류가 없는 환아군을 비교 분석하여 신실질내 역류의 임상적 특성에 대하여 알아 보고자 한다. 방 법: 2004년부터 2006년까지 요로감염으로 아주대병원 소아과에 내원한 환아중 배뇨성 방광 요관조영술을 시행하여 3단계 이상의 방광요관역류가 있었던 환아 80명을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 환자는 신실질내 역류의 유무에 따라 두 군으로 분류하여 신실질내 역류에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 비교 조사하였다. 결 과: 3단계 이상의 방광요관 역류가 있는 환아 80명중 17명이 신실질내 역류가 있는 것으로 조사되었으며 신실질내 역류가 있는 군에서 진단 당시 나이, 역류등급, 단백뇨에서 유의한 차이를 보였으나 성별, 추적검사에서 호전율, 말초혈액 백혈구수, C-반응단백, 요중 백혈구 수, 농뇨 지속기간에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 신실질내 역류의 위치와 DMSA 스캔의 광자 결손의 위치가 대부분에서(82.35%) 일치하는 결과를 나타내었다. 결 론: 방광요관역류에 의하여 발생된 요로감염 환자에서 신실질내 역류가 있는 경우 나이가 적었으며, 방광요관역류의 정도가 심하고, 단백뇨가 많이 검출되었다. 또한 신스캔상 신손상의 빈도가 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로는 유의하지 않았다. 한편 추적영상검사를 하였을 때, 신실질내 역류에 관계없이 대다수 환아에서 진단당시 보였던 방광요관역류나 신손상 소견이 대부분 호전됨을 확인할 수 있었다.