• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1413-1421
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• 2013

The marine microalga Isochrysis sphaerica is rich in the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, $C20:5{\omega}-3$) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, $C22:6{\omega}-3$) that are important to human health. Here, we report a functional characterization of a ${\Delta}4$-fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD4) from I. sphaerica. IsFAD4 contains a 1,284 bp open reading frame encoding a 427 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced amino sequence comprises three conserved histidine motifs and a cytochrome b5 domain at its N-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IsFad4 formed a unique Isochrysis clade distinct from the counterparts of other eukaryotes. Heterologous expression of IsFAD4 in Pichia pastoris showed that IsFad4 was able to desaturate docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) to form DHA, and the rate of converting DPA to DHA was 79.8%. These results throw light on the potential industrial production of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids through IsFAD4 transgenic yeast or oil crops.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2007

A rapid analytical method was developed to quantify very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs, C22:0, C24:0, C26:0) in human plasma with good sensitivity and specificity using tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatization and stable isotope GC-MS selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM). Two-hundred and fifty ${\mu}L$ of plasma was fortified with deuterated stable isotope internal standards (d3-C22:0, d3-C24:0, d3-C26:0) and standard mixtures of chloroform and methanol, and then extracted with hexane and acetonitrile. To upper layer of liquid-liquid-extraction, N-(t-Butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide was added and then heated to $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min to produce the TBDMS derivatives. Derivatives of VLCFAs were analyzed by GC-MS/SIM. Calibration curves showed a linear relationship for the target compounds in the concentration range of $10^{-4}{\sim}2{\times}10^3\;{\mu}g/mL$ with the correlation coefficient ranging from 0.996 to 0.999. The limit of quantification for the plasma was $10^{-4}{\sim}2{\times}10^{-4}\;{\mu}g/mL$ (S/N=3). When applied to the plasma specimens of patients with peroxisomal disorder, X-linked adrenoleucodystropy (ALD, Mckusick 202370), the method clearly differentiated normal subjects from ALD patients. The C24:0/C22:0 and C26:0/C22:0 ratios were significantly elevated in the plasma of patients with X-linked ALD compared to normal subjects. The new developed method might be useful for a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of X-linked ALD and other peroxisomal disorders.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2018

Objective: Genome wide association study was conducted to identify and validate candidate genes associated with fatty acid composition of pork. Methods: A total of 480 purebreed Duroc pigs were genotyped using IlluminaPorcine60k bead chips while the association test was implemented following genome-wide rapid association using Mixed Model and Regression-Genomic Control (GRAMMAR-GC) approach. Results: A total of 25, 29, and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), respectively. Genome wide significant variants were located on the same region of swine chromosome 14 (SSC14) that spanned from 120 to 124 Mb. Top SNP ALGA008191 was located at 5 kb near the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene. This gene is directly involved in desaturation of stearic acid into oleic acid. General relationship of significant SNPs showed high linkage disequilibrium thus genome-wide signals was attributed to SCD gene. However, understanding the role of other genes like elongation of very long chain fatty acids-3 (ELOVL3) located on this chromosomal segment might help in further understanding of metabolism and biosynthesis of fatty acids. Conclusion: Overall, this study provides evidence that validates SCD gene as strong candidate gene associated with fatty acid composition in Duroc pigs. Moreover, this study confirms significant SNPs near ELOVL3 gene.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.257-271
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• 1996

Livestock products like meat, milk and egg have been principal food sources for human beings since the historic periods of time. Nowadays consumption of these food items have been avoided due to its high contents of SFA, cholesterol and total fat which are major culprits of chronic adult diseases causing major deaths of people. However, the relationship between livestock products and diseases is not always true because the amounts of fat and cholesterol and types of fatty acids in meat and meat by-products depend on the part of the meat and types of animals. Although meat intakes do not always cause mai or adult diseases, still the developmental necessity does exist for animal foods equipped with biologically active properties, which in turn can improve nutritional status and health more than ever Meat with high protein lean part and low fat can be produced by applying synthetic somatotropin and beta-adrenergic agonists like clenbuterol, cimaterol etc. during breeding. This application brings benefits like higher growth rate, lower fat contents and improve feed efficiency ratios. Meats fortified with long chain PUFA($\omega$-3 fatty acids) can also be produced by modulating feed composition.Egg Products have faced the reduced sales annually because of its high cholesterol contents. Recently brand eggs fortified with special nutrients or chemical components having functional proper ties in the human body system are very popular Research Interests have been focused on eggs with low cholesterol and high omega-3 fatty acids. Low cholesterol eggs and high omega-3 eggs can be produced in several different ways, but popular way to increase is feeding the feeds with different oil sources containing high omega-3 and 6 fatty acids such as fish oil, perilla oil, linseed oil and lecithin etc. But proper compositon of feed formula should be found and economically beneficial. Brand eggs fortified with vitamin, mineral, unknown growth factors are also manufactured. Low cholesterol and high $\omega$-3 PUFA milk are marketed recently Cholesterol removal technology is not completely established and has several limitations to be overcome. Milk fortified with $\omega$-3 fatty acids is made by incorporating high &13 fatty acid foods in feed despite of extraordinary way of fatty acid metabolism In cow. All these biologically active products will be very beneficial and useful for human consumption when limitations of manufacturing technology such as safety and lowered sensory qualities are resolved. Furthermore, thorough and precise tests and quality control for these products should be performed to ensure the effectiveness and usefulness in terms of improving health and nutritional status in general. However one caution should be pointed out to lay people informing that these items are nothing but a food and not panacea. Therefore, it is important to remember that the only way of maintaining good health is absolutely through consuming balanced diet.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1210-1220
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• 2021

Objective: Unlike mammals, goose fatty liver shows a strong tolerance to fatty acids without obvious injury. Stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) serves crucial role in desaturation of saturated fatty acids (SAFs), but its role in the SAFs tolerance of goose hepatocytes has not been reported. This study was conducted to explore the role of SCD1 in regulating palmitic acid (PA) tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes. Methods: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was examined to reflect the effect of PA on hepatocytes viability, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of several genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and the role of SCD1 in PA tolerance of goose hepatocytes was explored using RNA interfere. Results: Our results indicated that goose hepatocytes exhibited a higher tolerant capacity to PA than human hepatic cell line (LO2 cells). In goose primary hepatocytes, the mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturation-related genes (SCD1 and fatty acid desaturase 2) and fatty acid elongate enzyme-related gene (elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6) were significantly upregulated with 0.6 mM PA treatment. However, in LO2 cells, expression of ER stress-related genes (x box-binding protein, binding immunoglobulin protein, and activating transcription factor 6), inflammatory response-related genes (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and interferon-γ) and apoptosis-related genes (bcl-2-associated X protein, b-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9) was significantly enhanced with 0.6 mM PA treatment. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated downregulation of SCD1 significantly reduced the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes under the treatment of 0.6 mM PA; meanwhile, the mRNA levels of inflammatory-related genes (IL-6 and IL-1β) and several key genes involved in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), mammalian target of rapamycin and AMPK pathways (AKT1, AKT2, FoxO1, and sirtuin 1), as well as the protein expression of cytochrome C and the apoptosis rate were upregulated. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggested that SCD1 was involved in enhancing the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes by regulating inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes expression.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.110-120
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• 2009

Mimicking fetal nutrition is the goal of early paretneral nutrition (PN) in very low birth weight infants, however the limited metabolic capacity of immature organs raises concern about the toxicity of metabolites to the developing brain. Starting parenteral amino acids from the first day of life, with a rate of 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg/day, is generally recommended to prevent endogenous protein breakdown by maintaining a positive nitrogen balance. A greater of amino acid infusion rate in the range of the fetal transfer rate (3.5-4.0 g/kg/day) is well tolerated during the early days after birth in VLBWI, however the influence on growth and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome remains unknown. Limited data are available from controlled trials regarding the effects of early supplementation with lipid emulsions on neonatal morbidity. Considering the role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the neurodevelopment, the choice of an optimal lipid emulsion should be based on the quality as well as the quantity of the lipid contents. Little is known about the clinical benefit of higher rates of glucose infusion by permitting high serum glucose level or co-administration with insulin.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important components of brain phospholipds and play important role (s) in brain function. In rats, the maximum brain growth occurs during the period of lactation even though it happens during the third trimester of gestation in human. Since milk contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even through the maternal diet had no DHA and/or a very small amount of its precursor, $\alpha$-linolenic acid ($\alpha$-LnA), an emphasis was given to maternal adipose tissue as a reservoir of this fatty acid. We, therefore, investigated the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues for their fatty acid composition in dams reared with different fat diets. Diets containing various amounts of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids were given to adult female rats (200-250g) throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods. Diets were composed of 10% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) containing about 60% $\alpha$-LnA, or fish oil (FO) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The fatty acid ompositions of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were measured and evaluated at Day-2 and Day-15 after parturition. In general, major characteristics of dietary fatty acid composition was reflected on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected more on mesenteric fat as compared to subcutaneous fat. Mesenteric fat was found to contain less arachidonic acid (AA) and mesenteric fats of CO, SO and PO groups contained less DHA than did the subcutaneous fat. The P/M/S ratios of adipose tissues were similar between experimental groups while dietary P/M/S ratios differed significantly. It was noticeable that a small proportion of DHA was found in the adipose tissues of animals of CO, SO and PO groups (Day-2) and in SO and PO groups (Day-15), the groups which do not contain DHA in their diets. The percentage of DHA in mesenteric fat o CO, SO and PO groups decreased as lactation continues, while the proportion of DHA in FO group increased. Adipose tissues of FO group had higher DHA/EPA ratio as compared to the diet. Considering the fact that the body contains a large amount of adipose tissues, our present finding suggests that the adipose tissue can serve as a reservoir of DHA for pregnant and lactating rats.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.195-199
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• 2014

X 연관 부신백질이영양증(adrenoleukodystrophy, X-ALD)는 성염색체 Xq28에 위치한 ABCD1 유전자의 돌연변이에 의해 발생하며, 매우 긴 사슬 지방산(saturated very long chain fatty acids, VLCFA) 운반의 장애로 뇌와 척수의 백질과 부신 피질을 포함한 모든 조직에 VLCFA가 쌓이게 되어 중추와 말초 신경 조직 내에 탈수초(demyelination)가 진행되고, 부신 피질의 기능 저하가 나타나게 된다. X-ALD의 임상적 증상은 매우 다양하나, 크게 3가지 표현형으로 나누어 대뇌 부신백질형성 장애(cerebral ALD), 부신 척수 신경병증(adrenomyeloneuropathy), 부신 피질 기능 저하 즉 애디슨병(Addison's disease only ALD)으로 나눌 수 있다2). 부신 피질 기능 저하 증세만을 보이는 Addison's disease only ALD의 경우 주로 2세에서 7.5세에 발생하며, 증세는 구토, 위약, 혼수, ACTH 분비 증가에 따른 색소 과다 침착(hyperpigmentation)으로 나타나고 발생 당시에는 신경학적 증세가 동반되지 않는다. 저자들은 구역, 구토, 탈수, 저혈당 및 저혈압 등의 증상 없이 색소 과다 침착이 부신 피질 기능 저하의 유일한 증세였던 환아를 혈장 VLCFA 검사를 통해 X-ALD로 진단하였고, ABCD1 유전자 분석 검사에서 c.1992-2A>G 변이를 확인하였다. 국내에서 색소 과다 침착만을 보이는 환아가 X-ALD로 진단받은 보고는 찾을 수 없었으며, 국내에서 보고되지 않은 돌연변이로 이를 보고하는 바이다. X-ALD 환아의 장기적인 예후 예측과 자세한 상담을 위해서 유전자형과 표현형의 상관관계에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요하며, 이를 위해 유전자형에 따른 증상과 예후에 대한 자료가 공유되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2002

Disorders resulting from defects in peroxisomal biogenesis include Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum disease. The three diseases are now considered as a continuum of clinical features. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy is intermediate between Zellweger syndrome and infantile Refsum disease in severity, and is characterized by profound hypotonia, intractable seizures and premature death. We report a cases of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy presenting with neonatal seizure and hypotonia. At the age of 43 months, she had clinical evidence of adrenal insufficiency with skin hyperpigmentation and electrolyte imbalance. She was diagnosed having neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy based on abnormally high levels of plasma very long-chain fatty acids, pipecolic acid and phytanic acid.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2007

We report a 31-year-old man with cerebral adrenomyeloneuronopathy variant, who presented as progressive gait disturbance. He had spastic paraparesis, hyperreflexia without Babinski's sign and sensory symptom. No adrenal insufficiency was noted. Brain MRI showed extensive high signal intensities in bilateral temporal lobes and posterior periventricular white matter in T2 weighed imaging without cerebrospinal fluid abnormality. His nerve conduction study showed sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy and the level of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids was high in his plasma, although neuropsychological test was normal.