• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationship between vertical facial pattern and dental maturation in children in pubertal and pre-pubertal periods. The material consisted of lateral head films and panoramic radiographs of 1306 patients. The subjects were selected according to Ricketts's VERT index and other including criteria. These subjects were divided by VERT index to brachyfacial group and dolichofacial group. In each selected subject, dental age was determined according to Demirjian's dental maturity score. All subjects were distributed according to age, vertical facial type and sex, mean and standard deviation of chronological age, dental age and age difference were determined in each group. And the data were analysed to find the difference of tooth maturation by facial pattern. Findings of this study include: 1. In all groups, dental age was determined higher than chronological age in statistically significant level. 2. Compared by vertical facial pattern, in pubertal age groups, it seems that subjects with brachyfacial type presented the tendency to have an advanced dental maturation, only in female group. 3. Compared by pubertal period, brachyfacial groups presented more advanced dental maturation in pubertal groups than pre-pubertal groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.180-189
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• 2015

Objective: To compare the positions of the mandibular premolars in Angle Class I subjects according to vertical facial type. The results will provide a theoretical basis for predicting effective tooth movement in orthodontic treatment. Methods: Cephalometric parameters were determined using cone-beam computed tomography in 120 Angle Class I subjects. Subjects were categorized as short, normal, and long face types according to the Frankfort mandibular angle. Parameters indicating the position of the mandibular right premolars and the mandible were also measured. Results: The angle between the mandibular first premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance between the root apex and buccal cortex, angle of vestibularization, arc of vestibularization, and root apex maximum movable distance were significantly greater in the short face type than in the long and norm face types. The angle between the mandibular second premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance from root apex to buccal cortex, and the arc of vestibularization were significantly greater in the short face type than in the normal face type. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Class I subjects according to vertical facial type.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increased vertical dimension of occlusion on lower facial changes by facial type. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms from 261 patients were obtained and classified by sagittal (Class I, II, and III) and vertical (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent) facial patterns. Retrusive displacement of soft tissue Pogonion and downward displacement of soft tissue Menton were measured in each group after 2 mm of vertical dimension of occlusion was increased at the lower central incisor using a virtual simulation program. The ratio of both displacements was calculated in all groups. The statistical analysis was done by 2-way ANOVA and Post hoc was done by Tukey test (5% level of significance). Results: Retrusive displacement of soft tissue Pogonion in Class III group was statistically different compared to Class I and II, and in vertical facial groups all 3 groups were significantly different (P<.05). Downward displacement of soft tissue Menton showed statistically significant difference between all sagittal groups and vertical groups (P<.05). The ratio of both displacements showed statistically significant difference in all sagittal groups and vertical groups (P<.05), and Class II hyperdivergent group had the highest value. Conclusion: Lower facial change was statically significant according to the facial type when vertical dimension of occlusion increased. Class II hyperdivergent facial type showed the highest ratio after increase in vertical dimension of occlusion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.369-379
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find changes in the occlusal plane related to different vertical facial patterns and suggest treatment goals and conduct possible treatment mechanisms. Methods: 60 adult patients (28 males, 32 females) who had been diagnosed as Class 1 skeletal malocclusion and treated without extraction were selected. Patients were divided into three groups; short face type (group 1), average face type (group 2) and long face type (group 3), using the data on normal occlusion of Korean adults. Results: The results were achieved by analyzing cephalometric tracings of each group at pre-treatment, end-treatment and post-treatment (about 1 year recall check). The inclination of the occlusion plane tends to gradually increase as the face becomes longer In group 1, COP-X, FOP-X, L6/L1, MP-L6 were significantly decreased, and L1-FOP was significantly increased during the retention period (T3-T2). Group 2 showed no significant change, In group 3, FOP-X was significantly increased during the retention period (T3-T2). During the retention period, FOP-X showed significant change among each group, especially between group 1 and group 3. Conclusion: These results suggest that changes of occlusal plane inclination according to facial vertical pattern need to be considered during the retention period for intrusion, extrusion, and incisor overbite.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.930-940
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• 2019

This study analyzes the facial data required for sheet design in order to pursue the facial compatibility of disposable sheets used in facial mask products that are increasing in popularity as self-care methods. The subjects of the study were 23 facial measurements of 1,001 women in their 20s to 60s from Size Korea's 6th 3D data. Through factor analysis, sheet-related facial measurements were collected into six factors included in the vertical length of each part of the face: length of face surface from the ear to each part of the face, width of eyes, nose, lips, length of nose, vertical length of lower face, width of the head and width of chin. Three sheet face types were classified using six factor scores as variables, and the characteristics of each type differed according to age group. As a result of the discriminant analysis to identify the dimension items that classify the three cluster types, 12 contributing items were extracted out of 23 items. This study provides useful information and data for further studies of products requiring facial fitness.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.414-424
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• 2021

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the skeletal and dental maturity according to the vertical facial type and sex in Korean children in the developmental stage. In total, 184 participants aged 8 - 14 years were selected and divided into three groups based on the mandibular plane angle. For the comparison between the sexes, the three groups were each divided into male and female subgroups. The skeletal and dental maturity were assessed using lateral cephalograms, hand-wrist radiographs and panoramic radiographs. The vertical growth group showed significantly greater cervical vertebral and hand-wrist maturity than that in the horizontal growth group. Dental maturity was the highest in the vertical growth group. Girls showed greater skeletal maturity than boys, and no distinct difference was observed between the dental maturity of the sexes. Analysis of the vertical facial type in children can provide ancillary indicators that may help determine the optimal timing for orthodontic treatment initiation. Earlier initiation of orthodontic treatment may be considered for patients with vertical facial growth patterns.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.312-319
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• 2014

Objective: Facial-type-associated variations in diagnostic features have several implications in orthodontics. For example, in hyperdivergent craniofacial types, growth imbalances are compensated by displacement of the condyle. When diagnosis and treatment planning involves centric relation (CR), detailed knowledge of the condylar position is desirable. The present study aimed to measure condylar displacement (CD) between CR and maximum intercuspation in three facial types of an asymptomatic orthodontic population. Methods: The study was conducted in 108 patients classified into three groups of 36 individuals each (27 women and 9 men; mean age, 20.5 years), based on the following facial patterns: hyperdivergent, hypodivergent, and intermediate. To quantify CD along the horizontal and vertical axes, the condylar position was analyzed using mounted casts on a semi-adjustable articulator and a mandibular position indicator. The Student t-test was used to compare CD between the groups. Results: Vertical displacement was found to be significantly different between the hyperdivergent and hypodivergent groups (p < 0.0002) and between the hyperdivergent and intermediate groups (p < 0.0006). The differences in horizontal displacement were not significant between the groups. In each group, vertical CD was more evident than horizontal displacement was. Conclusions: All facial types, especially the hyperdivergent type, carried a significantly high risk of CD. Therefore, the possibility of CD should be carefully evaluated and considered in the assessment of all orthodontic cases in order to accurately assess jaw relationships and avoid possible misdiagnosis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.333-338
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the buccolingual inclination of maxillary and mandibular molars in adults with different vertical facial types. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 135 adult patients (age, 20-45 years) with skeletal Class I maxillomandibular relationships were assigned to normodivergent (n = 46), hypodivergent (n = 49), and hyperdivergent groups (n = 40) according to linear and angular sella-nasion/gonion-menton measurements. The normodivergent group consisted of 24 females and 22 males, hypodivergent group of 26 females and 23 males, and hyperdivergent group of 24 females and 16 males. Buccolingual inclination of the maxillary and mandibular first and second molars was measured relative to the occlusal plane. One-way analysis of variance was used for intergroup comparison. Gender differences were evaluated using independent t-tests. Results: Buccolingual molar inclinations did not differ significantly between females and males (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among the buccolingual inclinations of the first and second maxillary and mandibular molars of the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Buccolingual inclinations of maxillary and mandibular molars are similar in normodivergent, hyperdivergent, and hypodivergent adults with Class I sagittal relationships.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.172-184
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• 1999

The present study was performed to identify morphologic sub-groupings in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, and to find out anatomic differences between the sub-groups. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 152 Korean children, aged between 6 and 12 years, with Class I malocclusions were analyzed by the Counterpart Analysis. A statistical method, Ward's Minimum Variance Cluster Analysis, was employed to divide the sample into sub-groups those with similar morphologic characteristics. The results were as follows; 1. There appeared two facial types, Type I and Type II, in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, 48.7% and 51.3%, respectively. 2. In both sub-groups, there existed strong Class III skeletal patterns due to a counterclockwise rotation of the Middle Cranial Fossa alignment, and strong Class II skeletal patterns due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension and a clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment. 3. There were no significant differences in Upper Anterior Facial Height between Type I and Type II, $52.6{\pm}2.92mm\;and\;52.8{\pm}3.23mm$, respectively. 4. The Lower Anterior Facial Height in Type II was longer ($66.0{\pm}4.03mm$) due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension, the clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment, and a clockwise rotation of the Mandibular plane alignment than that of Type I ($64.2{\pm}4.15mm$).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.431-444
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• 1997

This research was carried out to compares the treatment effects of Horizontal and Vertical type activators in Angle's Class II div. 1 maloccusion patients with mandibular retrusion dand to find out whether different treatment effects or growth pattern were observed between sexes in each study groups. The results were as follows: 1. In Horizontal activator group, forward positioning of mandible and vertical increase in anteror face as examplified by increase of LAFH and AEM were observed when pre and post-treatment datas were evaluated. 2. Males samples in Horizontal activator group showed increase in mandiular length accmpanied by posterior positioning of maxilla, wheras female samples in Horizontal activator group showed increase in mandibular body length, labial inclination of mandibular incisors and increase in lower anterior facial height .3. In vertical activator group, increase in AFH, LAFH, PFH and LPFH were observed when pre and post treatment datas were evaluated. 4. Male samples in Vertical activator group showed increase in mandibular body length and anterior and posterior facial heights, whereas females samples of Vertical activator group showed mainly increase in anterior facial height. 5. When pre and post treatment datas of Horizontal and Vertical activator groups were compared, skeletal difference were mainly observed in pretreatment datas but dental difference were observed in post treatment datas ,indicating that two actiators differ only in their effects to dental variables. 6. Difference between sexes were noted after treatment although no difference were observed between sexs in each groups before treatmentt. This indicates that inherent growth effects in each sex exerts more influence 1km appliances used for treatment.