• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.457-473
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the morophological and positional correlation between the upper cervical vertebra, the oral structures and the pharyngeal tissues, and the correlation of these anatomical structures with dental features, such as teeth wear area nad tooth contact status, etc. Seventy patients with temporamandibular disorders and sixty three dental students without any signs and symptoms in head and neck region were selected for this study. All they had natural dentition without any fixed and removable protheses. Teeth wear area and arch width wre measured from the upper dental cast, tooth contact status were observed by T-Scan system$^\textregistered$ and four cephaloradiograpohs were taken from four head postures, namely, natural(NHP), forward(FHP), upward(UHP), and downward head postiure(DHP). 22 cephalometric items were measured on the films and the data were processed with SAS statistical program. The result of this study were as follows : 1. In normal group, angle of cervical vertebra tangent and of between hard and soft palate were broader in female subjects than those in male subjacets, but distance from subocciput to axis, size of soft palate, and pharyngeal space width were larger in male subjects. 2. In normal group with natural head posture, the items correlated each others from the three anatomical regions were distance between first nad second vertebra in posterior part, distance from the lingual surface of lower anterior teeth to anterior surface of soft palate, and distance from the hyoid bone to third vertebra. 3. Three set of items showed significant correlation each other in the four head postures in normal group. First set was the angle between hard and soft palate and the idstance from subocciput to posterior arch of first vertebra, second set was the distance between first and second vertebra in posterior part and the teeth wear area, third set was number and force of tooth contact and length of soft palate and distance from anterior tip of hyoid bone to mandibular plane.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 2014

Background: Knowledge of the anatomical variation of the vertebral artery has clinical importance not only for the performance of interventional or surgical procedures itself but also to ensure their safety. We conducted a study of the anatomical variation by reviewing multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) images of the cervical spine from 460 Korean patients. Methods: 16-row MDCT data from 460 patients were used in this study. We observed 920 vertebral arteries. Examination points included level of entrance of the artery into the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebra, origin site of the vertebral artery, course of a vertebral artery with aberrant entrance. Result: The vertebral artery in 2 (0.2%) cases in this study entered into the transverse foramen of the 7th cervical vertebra from the left. In 45 (4.9%) cases, the vertebral artery entered into the transverse foramen of the 5th cervical vertebra. Of these, the entrance was on the right in 15 (1.6%) and on the left in 30 (3.3%). We found 17 (1.8%) cases in which the artery entered into the transverse foramen of the 4th cervical vertebra, 10 (1.1%) on the right and 7 (0.7%) on the left side. As is commonly acknowledged, the 6th cervical vertebra was the most common site of entry; the vertebral artery entered the transverse foramen of the 6th cervical vertebra in the remaining 855 (93.0%) cases, on the right in 434 (47.2%) and on the left in 421 (45.8%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the possibility of an atypical course of the vertebral artery in segments V1 and V2 should be evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT images before carrying out procedures involving the anterior cervical vertebrae.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1979

For the clearer visualization of the lung apices in the routine chest P-A view, we have analysed the films at the different positions and different directions of the central X-ray beams. The brief results are as the follows. 1. Best visualization of the lung apices are made with the following position of the patient and central ray. Central ray is directed to the median sagittal plane at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra with the palms of the hands placing at the greater trochanteric area of the both femurs. 2. The position of the sterno-clavicular joint shows no alteration between the radiographs with the central beam to the film center and to the 5th thoracic vertebra, and position of the hands at the greater trochanters or iliac crests. 3. No relationship exists between the center of the film and the position of the hand. The central beam is projected more inferiorly when the beam is centered to the film center than to the 5th thoracic vertebra. 4. The scapulae are rotated sufficiently anteriorly and more inferiorly, with placing the palms at the greater trochanters, directing central ray to the 5th thoracic vertebra, and with close contact the lung apices to the cassette.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.521-524
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• 2003

The sacrum fused with first caudal vertebra and ilium of a male German shepherd were observed macroscopically. The sacrum and first caudal vertebra were fused, however caudal articular process of the sacrum separated from the cranial articular process of the first caudal vertebra. On the other hand, partial fusion were also observed between the sacrum and ilium. The sacrum and ilium were fused from the cranioventral part of the sacropelvic surface in the wing of ilium to the lateral part of the right cranial articular surface in the sacrum.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2004

The fused and deformed lumbar vertebrae (L) of Thoroughbred horses were observed macroscopically. Results revealed five L in two cases, and six L in three cases. In two cases, the last two lumbar vertebrae were fused with each other. One case of the fused lumbar vertebra was observed in a horse with five L and the other in that with six L. In one case, the facet of second last lumbar vertebra was articulated with its anterior lumbar vertebra. On the other hand, four cases had the caudal border on the lateral tip of the lumbar transverse process partially overlapped with the cranial border of the following lumbar transverse process. In these cases, cranial and caudal tubers were formed on the overlapped part of the lumbar transverse process.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.378-385
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• 2006

In this study, a method measuring signal propagation direction in human body was developed by using passive electrical properties of the body. The measured method of the signal propagation direction is to apply basic characteristic of electricity to the human body; when a voltage is set to a conducted medium, according to the polarity of the conducted voltage, the voltage rising or drop is generated. And using this concept, it is able to estimate the direction of electrical signal on the human body. The passive electrical properties were measured and the direction of signal propagation was estimated on the followings; between the flexor carpi radialis, between arms, between legs, between an arm and a leg, between the cervical vertebra and the upper limb, between the sacral vertebra and the leg, between the cervical vertebra and the tendon of triceps brachii, and between the sacral vertebra and the calcaneal tendon. As the result of experiments, the passive electrical properties were increased from l[Hz] to 50[kHz] of the inputted frequencies and showed at saturating tendency after that. And also, the estimated signal propagation directions using the developed method in this study agreed with the expected directions exactly at each part of the human body.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.210-213
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• 2004

We study the fracture behavior of the lumbar No.4 and No.5 vertebra subjected to posteroanterior (PA) forces, a three dimensional finite element method (FEM). The lumbar spine was modeled 3-dimensionally using commercial software based on the principle of convert stacked two dimensional CT scan images into three dimensional shapes. Determination of the boundary conditions corresponding to actual surgical conditions was not easy, so that the simplified spine beam analyses were performed. The results were used in three dimensional finite element (FE) analysis. This FE analysis, indicates that the fracture loads of the lumbar No.4 and No.5 vertebra are respectively 1550 N and 1500 N. These fracture loads are for static loading, but in actual conditions the load on the lumbar spine varies dynamically. We found that the fracture load of lumbar No.4 vertebra is larger than that of lumbar No.5 vertebra, as a result of the total stress difference by the moment.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2016

Background Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a benign condition. With early diagnosis and appropriate management, it can be cured completely, leaving no residual deformity. However, long-standing, untreated CMT can lead to permanent craniofacial deformities and asymmetry.Methods Nineteen patients presented to the author with congenital muscular torticollis. Three dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) scans was obtained upon patient’s admission. Adjustment of skull’s position to Frankfort horizontal plan was done. Cervical vertebral segmentation was done which allowed a 3D module to be separately created for each vertebra to detect any anatomical or positional changes.Results The segmented vertebrae showed an apparent anatomical changes, which were most noticeable at the level of the atlas and axis vertebrae. These changes decreased gradually till reaching the seventh cervical vertebra, which appeared to be normal in all patients. The changes in the atlas vertebra were mostly due to its intimate relation with the skull base, while the changes of the axis were the most significantConclusion Cervical vertebral segmentation is a reliable tool for isolation and studying cervical vertebral pathological changes of each vertebra separately. The accuracy of the procedures in addition to the availability of many software that can be used for segmentation will allow many surgeons to use segmentation of the vertebrae for diagnosis and even for preoperative simulation planning.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.155-160
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• 2000

Testosterone deficiency increased bone resorption, giving rise to osteoporosis. Testosterone deficiency also increased lipid peroxidation and free radical formation. Free radicals have been shown to be toxic to osteoblasts as well as to activate osteoclasts. In this study, the effects of giving an antioxidant, i.e. vitamin E-rich extract from palm oil on bone mineral density and calcium content was studied. Palm vitamin E prevented the loss in bone mineral density due to orchidectomy, seen in the whole femur, proximal amd midshaft regions, as well as L4 vertebra. Similar observations were seen in bone calcium content of the L5 vertebra. Giving palm olein also prevented the loss in bone mineral density in the femoral midshaft and L4 vertebra; and bone calcium content in the L5 vertebra. In conclusion, vitamin E-rich extract from palm oil was effective in preventing the loss in bone mineral density and calcium content of orchidectomized male rats. This action is probably due to its role as an antioxidant.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.12-20
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was designed to find out the effectiveness of vertebral segment instability, muscle fatigue response on lumbar spine after apply lumbosacral stabilization exercise program to 4 patients with chronic low back pain and for 12 weeks. In this study, the lumbar spine motion with blind by MedX test machine and the difference of instability to lumbar vertebra segments in flexion, extension test of standing position and spinal load test(Matthiass Test) by Spinal Mouse. The stabilization exercise program was applied 2 times a week for 12 weeks in hospital and 2 times a day for 20 minutes at home. The results of the present study were as follows: 1. Instability test of lumbar vertebra segment is 2 type differential angle test between vertebrae segment and loading test of spine(matthiass) by Spinal Mouse. It appeared to improve stability of segments in sagittal plane after applying program. So lumbar spine curve increased lordosis toward anterior and was improved of the lumbar spine flexibility in flexion and extension. Specially, in matthiass test, (-) value was increased between lumbar vertebra segment when was the load on spine. And so applying stability improved after program. 2. Fatigue response test(FRT) results, in male, was raised muscle fatigue rate during increase weight, on the other hand female appeared lower than male. As a results, lumbosacral stabilization exercise was aided to improvement of lumbar spine vertebra segments stabilization. Spine instability patients will have a risk when in lifting a load or working with slight flexion posture during the daily of living life and it is probably to increase recurrence rate. Thus, not only lumbar extension muscle strength but also stability of vertebra segments in lumbar spine may be very important.