• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2015

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), postanesthetic shivering and pain are common postoperative patient complaints that can result in adverse physical and psychological outcomes. Some antiemetics are reported to be effective in the management of postoperative pain and shivering, as well as PONV. We evaluated the efficacy of dexamethasone added to ramosetron on PONV, shivering and pain after thyroid surgery. Methods: One hundred and eight patients scheduled for thyroid surgery were randomly allocated to three different groups: the control group (group C, n = 36), the ramosetron group (group R, n = 36), or the ramosetron plus dexamethasone group (group RD, n = 36). The patients were treated intravenously with 1 and 2 ml of 0.9% NaCl (group C); or 2 ml of 0.15 mg/ml ramosetron plus 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl (group R); or 2 ml of 0.15 mg/ml ramosetron plus 1 ml of 5 mg/ml dexamethasone (group RD) immediately after anesthesia. Results: Incidence of nausea and the need for rescue antiemetics, verbal rating scale (VRS) 1 hour pain value, ketorolac consumption, and incidence of shivering were significantly lower in group R and group RD, than in group C (P < 0.05). Moreover, these parameters were significantly lower in group RD than in group R (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Combination of ramosetron and dexamethasone significantly reduced not only the incidence of nausea and need for rescue antiemetics, but also the VRS 1 hour pain value, ketorolac consumption, and the incidence of shivering compared to ramosetron alone in patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.169-173
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Dochim & Gwanchim therapy combined with Korean medicine treatment in patients of herniated lumbar disc. Methods : Clinical study was conducted to 103 patients who were treated in Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University from 1st september, 2011 th 31th July, 2013. We divided into two groups. The group A(n=80) was treated with Gwanchim therapy combined with Korean medicine treatment, and the group B(n=23) was treated only Korean medicine treatment. We evaluated the treatment effect with the verbal numerical rating scale(VNRS), and compared admission day and one day after admission. Results : 1. In both two groups VNRS was decreased and this therapy is safety. 2. In group A, VNRS was decreased 10 to 5.68 and in group B, VNRS was decreased 10 to 8.7 Conclusion : This study demonstrates that Gwan acupuncture therapy has significant effect reducing pain for HIVD(herniated lumbar intervertebral disc) patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean medicine and Shoe Lift for scoliosis with sciatic pain patient. Methods : The patient who has scoliosis and sciatic pain was treated by Korean medicine and Shoe Lift. The patient's symptoms were assessed by Cobb's angle, correctability, verbal numberical rating scale(VNRS) and revised oswestry disability questionnaire(RODQ) every week. Results : After 18weeks treatment, Cobb's angle correctability was 34.357%. Patient's VNRS score and RODQ score were decreased each from 10 to 1 and from 41 to 6. Conclusions : This result suggest that Korean medicine and Shoe Lift were effective treatment on patient for scoliosis with sciatic pain.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2021

Background Although loss of sensation in patients with breast cancer after mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction is an important factor affecting patients' quality of life, the mechanism of sensory recovery is still unclear. Our study aimed to identify variables that affect sensory recovery, especially pain, in reconstructed breasts. Methods All patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction, including nipple reconstruction or areolar tattooing, were included in this study. Sensation was evaluated in the nipple as an endpoint of sensation recovery of the whole breast. Patients rated pain severity using a 3-point verbal rating scale (VRS): grade 0, no pain; grade 1, mild to moderate pain; and grade 2, severe pain. The VRS was assessed by a single experienced plastic surgeon. Results In the univariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for sensation recovery was 0.951 for age (P=0.014), 0.803 for body mass index (P=0.001), 0.996 for breast volume before surgery (P=0.001), 0.998 for specimen weight after mastectomy (P=0.040), and 1.066 for the period between mastectomy and sensory assessment (P=0.003). In the multivariate analysis, the variables that showed a significant effect were age (OR, 0.953; P=0.034), the period between mastectomy and sensory assessment (OR, 1.071; P=0.006), and reconstruction using abdominal tissue instead of prosthetic reconstruction (OR, 0.270; P=0.004). Conclusions Based on our results, it can be inferred that aging has a negative impact on the recovery of sensation, breast sensation improves with time after surgery, and the recovery of sensation is better in prosthetic reconstruction.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2022

Background: To compare ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) of the genicular nerve with the genicular nerve block using local anesthetic and steroid for management of osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain. Methods: Thirty patients with OA knee were randomly allocated to receive either ultrasound-guided PRF of the genicular nerve (PRF group) or nerve block with bupivacaine and methylprednisolone acetate (local anesthetic steroid [LAS] group). Verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS) and Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were measured at pre-procedure and 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks post-procedure. Results: VNRS scores decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in both the groups at 12 weeks and other follow up times compared to baseline. Seventy-three percent of patients in the PRF group and 66% in the LAS group achieved effective pain relief (≥ 50% pain reduction) at 12 weeks (P > 0.999). There was also a statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvement in WOMAC scores in both groups at all follow up times. However, there was no intergroup difference in VNRS (P = 0.893) and WOMAC scores (P = 0.983). No complications were reported. Conclusions: Both ultrasound-guided PRF of the genicular nerve and blocks of genicular nerve with local anesthetic and a steroid provided comparable pain relief without any complications. However, PRF of the genicular nerve is a procedure that takes much more time and equipment than the genicular nerve block.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between degenerative changes in brain [i.e., global cortical atrophy (GCA), medial temporal atrophy (MTA), white matter hyperintensities (WMH)] and neurocognitive dysfunction in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods A total of 62 elderly subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease were included in this study. The degenerative changes in brain MRI were rated with standardized visual rating scales (GCA or global cortical atrophy, MTA or medial temporal atrophy, and Fazekas scales) and the subjects were divided into two groups according to the degree of degeneration for each scale. Cognitive function was evaluated with Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K) and several clinical features, including apolipoprotein E ${\varepsilon}4$ status, lipid profile and thyroid hormones, were also examined. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were performed to analyze the relationship between the degree of cerebral degeneration and neurocognitive functions. Results Demographic and clinical features, except for the age, did not show any significant difference between the two groups divided according to the degree of cerebral degenerative changes. However, higher degree of GCA was shown to be associated with poorer performance in verbal fluency test, word list recall test, and word list recognition test. Higher degree of MTA was shown to be associated with poorer performance in Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean Version of CERAD Assessment Packet (MMSE-KC), word list recognition test and construction praxis recall test. Higher degree of white matter hyperintensities was shown to be associated with poorer performance in MMSE-KC. Conclusions Our results suggest that severe brain degeneration shown in MRI is associated with significantly poorer performance in neurocognitive tests in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the degree of GCA, MTA and white matter hyperintensities, represented by scores from different visual rating scales, seems to affect certain neurocognitive domains each, which would provide useful information in clinical settings.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.439-453
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the masicatory efficiency in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), especially internal derangement of temporomandibular (TM) joint. For this study, 26 patients after treatment and 33 dental students who had no signs and symptoms of TMDs were selected as the patients group and as the normal group, respectively. Mean treatment duration of the patients was. 5.1 months. Verbal rating scale(VRS) and Visual analogue scale(VAS) were used for recording of subjective symptoms. Treatment index (VAS Ti) derived from VAS was calculated for evaluation of treatment progress and clinical examination was also performed for objective symptoms. BioEGN(Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, USA) was used for observation chewing movement pattern on peanut, caramel candy, and gum chewing. Chewing time in second and symptoms after chewing were recorded, and pattern of chewing stroke between in affected side and in contralateral side or between in right in left side were compared, and especially, gum chewing pattern between before and after treatment were also compared in the patients group. The data obtained were analysed by SPSS windows program and the results of this study were as follows : 1. Subjective symptoms evaluated by VAS showed no difference between the two groups, but those by VRS showed slight difference for TM joint pain, head not neck symptoms, and chewing ability. 2. There were no difference at the level of subjective symptoms between the subgroups divided by treatment duration of five months in the patients group. However, value of VAS Ti of pain was higher in subgroup of long treatment duration than that of subgroup of short treatment duration. 3. There were no difference in chewing time for peanut or caramel candy between the two groups, but on caramel candy chewing, the patients group complained slight discomfort after swallowing. Chewing velocity and range of motion on gum chewing after treatment in the patients group showed significant difference and greatly improved compared to those to before treatment, and which were not differ from those of normal subjects. In conclusion, treatment of temporomandibular disorders about for five months would greatly improve chewing ability and movement pattern in most of the patients with TMDs.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.324-340
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• 1990

Support has always been considered an important nursing concept. However, there is no agreement among nurse researchers as to a conceptual definition of supportive nursing or meaningful supportive behaviors. Clarification of the concept, support in nursing, is necessary to promote communication among nurses on nursing behaviors that are effective in providing support and on understanding the relevant properties and charcteristics of the concept, supportive nursing care. The objectives of the study were : 1. to analyse the concept, support in nursing, in order to provide a definition of supportive nursing care, and 2. to operationalize the definition of supportive nursing care and use it as an experimental nursing intervention for patients with low back pain. The first part of the study used the concept analysis approach developed by Walker and Avant(1983) to define the concept of supportive nursing care. The properties of supportive nursing care, defined by this analysis, included perception of supportive need, reciprocal interaction(Transaction), listening, providing empathy and information related to health, and confirmation of the patient's verbal and non - verbal response. The second part, the experimental part of the study, was done using King's(1970) Interpersonal Theory for Nursing. The concept, supportive nursing care, as defined in the concept analysis was operationalized and used as the experimental intervention. The experiment tested the effectiveness of the independent variable, supportive nursing care on the dependent variables, depression, mood and patient satisfaction, in the patients with low back pain in army hospitals. The instruments used to measure the dependent variables were Zung's(1965) Self- Rating Depression Scale, Ryman and Colleagues'(1974) Mood Questionnaire and LaMonica and Colleagues'(1986) Patient Satisfaction Scale. The experimental design used for this study was a Solomon 4 group experimental design. This design has the strength of allowing for observation of the main effects of supportive nursing care and pretesting, and for observation of the interaction effects of pretesting and supportive nursing care. The design includes one experimental group and three control groups. The Subjects of this study were 150 young male patients with low back pain on Neuro - Surgical Wards in three general army hospitals. There were 35 in the experimental group, 39 in the pre - posttest control group, 36 in the treatment - posttest control group and 40 in the posttest only control group. Supportive nursing care, as operationalized by the researcher according to the concept analysis, was given to the patients in the experimental group and the treatment -posttest control group, individually for 30 minute sessions, every other day for 5 days. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were collected in a pretest one week before the supportive nursing care sessions, a posttest immediately after the sessions and follow- up test one week later. Hypotheses testing was done using 2×2 factorial analysis of variance and Meta analysis(Stouffer's Z method). The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Hypothesis Ⅰ, “There will be a difference on depression level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝8.49, p＜.05). 2. Hypothesis Ⅱ, “There will be a difference on mood level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who to not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (Z meta＝2.17, p＜.05). 3. Hypothesis Ⅲ, “There will be a difference on satisfaction level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝13.67, p＜.05). 4. ANOVA, done to examine the interaction effect of history and maturation, showed no significant difference on the dependent variables between the observations of the pretest scores of the experimental group, the pretest scores of the pre- posttest control group and the posttest score of the posttest only control group. 5. To test for continuing effect of supportive nursing care, paired t-test was done to compare the scores for the dependent variables at the posttest and at the one week later follow-up test. No significant difference on the scores for the dependent variables was found between the posttest scores and the follow-up test scores for the two groups that received supportive nursing care, the experimental group and the treatment-posttest control group. In conclusion, it was found that in the case of young soldiers with low back pain in army hospitals, their depression level was decreased, their mood state was changed positively and their satisfaction level was increased by receiving supportive nursing care. Further, the effectiveness of the supportive nursing care lasted for at least one week in this study. The significance of this study to nursing is in the analysis of the concept of supportive nursing care and the demonstration of the effectiveness of supportive nursing care as an intervention within the limits of the study.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.103-116
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was performed to assess the effectiveness of conservative Korean traditional medical treatment on lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in 12 adolescents. Methods : Data were collected from adolescent patients diagnosed with lumbar intervertebral herniation by MRI, hospitalized at Jaseng Korean Medicine Hospital from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. A total of 12 patients were included in the study. Patients were treated by acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine, chuna manual therapy, physical therapy during hospitalization period. To measure treatment outcomes, a verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), range of motion (ROM), Straight leg raising test (SLR), and EQ-5D were used. Results : The average age of the participants was $16.05{\pm}1.62$. The average of duration of symptom was $19.25{\pm}26.83(weeks)$ and the average length of hospitalization was $23.8{\pm}16.4(days)$. 2 patients (17 %) suffered from only lumbar pain, while 10 patients (83 %) suffered from lumbar and leg pain. No participant suffered from only leg pain. 8 patients (67 %) were diagnosed with disc herniation in one segment, and 4 patients (33 %) were diagnosed with disc herniation in multiple segments. A total of 17 disc segments (28 %) were herniated. The most herniated lumbar level was L4-5. 3 segments were diagnosed with bulging (17 %), 6 with protrusion (35 %), and 8 with extrusion (47 %). Extrusion was the most frequent herniated type. After treatment, the average VNRS of lumbar pain significantly decreased from $5.58{\pm}1.62$ to $2.91{\pm}1.56$ (p<0.001) and the average VNRS of leg pain significantly decreased from $5.16{\pm}2.51$ to $3.08{\pm}1.8$ (p<0.001). ODI significantly decreased from $48.87{\pm}18.72$ to $28.57{\pm}15.05$ (p<0.05), and EQ-5D significantly increased $0.58{\pm}0.31$ to $0.80{\pm}0.12$ (p<0.05). Range of flexion significantly improved from $61.25{\pm}32.62$ to $68.33{\pm}26.22$ (p<0.05). Conclusion : Conservative Korean Traditional Medical Treatment may be effective in the treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in adolescence. However, more case reports and clinical research are needed.