• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.375-388
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• 2001

This study looks into the appearances and contents of undercloths advertisements by analyzing them appeared in women\`s magazines of Korea, which are , and published between 1965 and 1999 mainly targeting the women at the age of 20s through 40s. This study leads to the following conclusions : 1. Most of advertisements use 1 or 2 pages of the magazines with colored pictures. 2. The most frequently advertised underclothes is brassieres and white and pastel are dominant colors. Also, spandex and cotton are the most frequently appeared fabrics in the advertisement. 3. Professional Korean female models in twenties are the most favored choice for those underclothes advertisements and those models dominantly face their fore part with showing the body parts higher than their knees. Solo model appear in most of the advertisements and independent appearance is dominant. 4. In the visual expression of the advertisements explicitly show the products for visual expression, whereas verbal expressions mostly emphasize the benefits to be obtained from the underclothes advertised. 5. Advertisement appeals are mainly base on readers\` reason rather than sensibility.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.41-49
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• 2006

In a decision making process, the ambiguity of qualitative probabilistic expressions may result in a wrong conclusion. For this reason there had been many studies of quantifying qualitative probabilistic expressions in English-speaking countries. In this research, quantification of Korean qualitative probabilistic expressions is conducted through 4-step questionnaires. The numerical data of 78 verbal phrases were collected in the first questionnaire and classified in two categories (i.e., uncertainty and frequency). In each category, qualitative probabilistic expressions were divided into eleven groups according to the similarity of the numerical values. In the second questionnaire, subjects selected a representative expression for each group, which totaled 11. In the third questionnaire each subject was asked to rank eleven expressions from 1 to 11 with 1 indicating the highest probability. At last, subjects conducted pairwise comparisons to obtain relative weights, which are used to convert into the numerical probability scale.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2012

This study examined the mediation effect of life satisfaction between aggression and loneliness. The subjects were two hundred and eighty fifth-year elementary school and second-year middle school adolescents in Seoul. Data were analyzed by using the t-test, Pearson's correlation and regression. Major findings were as follows: First, when it comes to aggressiveness, the fifth graders showed a significantly higher degree of personal attack, whereas the eighth graders were found to show more expression of anger. The fifth graders scored higher than the eighth graders in each subcategory of life satisfaction. No significant difference was found in the category of loneliness. Second, the fifth graders showed a positive relationship among verbal attack, personal attach, expression of anger and loneliness, whereas the eighth graders showed a positive relationship between expression of anger and loneliness. The two age groups, in turn, also exhibited some differences in the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction. Third, we found that life satisfaction is a complete parameter between aggressiveness and loneliness in the fifth graders. In the case of the eighth graders, life satisfaction turned out to be a partial parameter between aggressiveness and loneliness. This perhaps indicates that adolescents with similar levels of aggressiveness might show different degrees of loneliness, depending on whether they have positive attitudes toward their lives and whether they feel satisfied with their lives.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2014

Objective : Previous research showed that childhood trauma or domestic violence resulted in difficulties in controlling emotion and problem solving and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. To understand the long term effect of childhood trauma, this study investigated their influences on cognitive processing of anger-evoking event and anger behavior among prisoners. Methods : All data were collected from 198 prisoners off our districts in Korea. After they consented to participate, prison officer distributed a questionnaire that included scales to demographic measure, childhood abuse (emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect), cognitive response of anger (attentional focus, suspicion, rumination, and hostile attitude) and behavior of anger (impulsive reaction, verbal aggression, physical confrontation, and indirect expression). For statistical analyses, SPSS 18.0 were used and path coefficients were evaluated from the structural equational modeling using LISREL 8.52. Results : Almost 50% of prisoners of our sample experienced one or more trauma during childhood. Then we tested the long term effect of childhood trauma on anger response by structural equation modeling. As expected, childhood trauma was associated with cognitive processing of anger-evoking event and anger behavior. More specifically, emotional abuse (${\beta}$=0.21, p<0.01) predicted suspicion which in turn associated with impulsive reaction (${\beta}$=0.73, p<0.001) and verbal aggression (${\beta}$=0.87, p<0.001). Emotional abuse (${\beta}$=0.24, p<0.01) also predicted hostile attitude which associated with physical confrontation (${\beta}$=0.80, p<0.001) and indirect expression (${\beta}$=0.80, p<0.001). Interestingly, physical abuse associated directly with impulsive reaction (${\beta}$=0.23, p<0.01) and indirect expression (${\beta}$=0.17, p<0.05). Neglect predicted rumination (${\beta}$=0.15, p <0.05) which associated with indirect expression marginally (${\beta}$=0.11, P<0.10). Conclusion : The results of this study, suggest longitudinal and harmful effect of childhood trauma on difficulties in controlling anger. Especially, it was revealed that childhood abuse related with processing anger evoking events more suspicious and hostile and then various anger-expressing behaviors.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.61-70
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• 2014

Verbal communication has limits in the interaction between robot and man, and therefore nonverbal communication is required for realizing smoother and more efficient communication and even the emotional expression of the robot. This study derived 7 pieces of nonverbal information based on shopping behavior using the robot designed to support shopping, selected facial expression as the element of the nonverbal information derived, and coded face components through 2D analysis. Also, this study analyzed the significance of the expression of nonverbal information using 3D animation that combines the codes of face components. The analysis showed that the proposed expression method for nonverbal information manifested high level of significance, suggesting the potential of this study as the base line data for the research on nonverbal information. However, the case of 'embarrassment' showed limits in applying the coded face components to shape and requires more systematic studies.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.375-386
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the aspects of verbal interactions of teacher?small group students by categorizing those interactions which affect students' thinking thus to improve teacher's interaction. First, verbal interactions of teacher-small group students were divided into two categories ?Behaviors related to problem-solving, and Others. Behaviors related to problem-solving were also classified into two elements?Receiving opinion based on the students' thinking process, and Giving help based on the teacher's thinking process. Receiving opinion consists of agreement, question, correction, objection while giving help consists of information, hint, question, summary, and ask & answer. Most of teacher-small group students' interactions were in the form of teacher's questions and students' answers, and teacher's questions tended to require simple answers rather than answers from deep thought. In addition, there was a tendency that the teacher focused more on her own thinking process than students' and that she interacted with only a couple of students who gave correct answers. As a result, even after teacher's scaffolding, many students were often unable to understand the particular contents. However, through the interactions, the teacher made students to have confidence by restating their opinions and agreeing or praising them. She also created an atmosphere where students can give their opinions freely. From the observation of interactions, we can find that students' thinking process is affected by the characteristics of teacher's interactions such as expression of agreement and encouragement, hint giving rise to thought, interactions based on the students' thinking process, permission of students' activities and questions, allowing time for students' thought, and correction of wrong opinions. At this point, educational implications of teacher-small group students' interactions were drawn.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.70-80
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• 2013

The purpose of this study has placed its meaning in the use as the basic material for the research of the person's facial expressions, by researching and analyzing the visual reactions of recognition of children according to the facial expressions of emotion and by surveying the verbal reactions of boys and girls according to the individual expressions of emotion. The subjects of this study were 108 children at the age of 6 - 8 (55 males, 53 females) who were able to understand the presented research tool, and the response survey conducted twice were used in the method of data collection by individual interviews and self administered questionnaires. The research tool using in the questionnaires were classified into 6 types of joy, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear which could derive the specific and accurate responses. Regarding children's visual reactions of recognition, both of boys and girls showed the high frequency in the facial expressions of joy, sadness, anger, surprise, and the low frequency in fear, disgust. Regarding verbal reactions, it showed the high frequency in the heuristic responses either to explore or the responds to the impressive parts reminiscent to the facial appearances in all the joy, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear. And it came out that the imaginary responses created new stories reminiscent to the facial expression in surprise, disgust, and fear.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.222-238
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of music therapy as a nursing intervention on changes in recovery of consciousness and vital signs for postoperative patients in the recovery room. The subject for this study were fifty three of postoperative patients who were transferred from the OR to the RR at Kwangju Christian Hospital in Kwangju City. Thirty of them were assigned to the experimental group, and twenty three, to the control group. The age of the subject was between twenty and sixty years of age. The subject had a general anesthesia without any special complications, and they were not completely awake. The data were collected for six months from July 1999 to February 2000. The method used was to compare the condition of the subjects in each group at the beginning and at certain times repeatedly. The features observed were the level of consciousness, the frequency of complaints of pain, and vital signs of the subject before and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes after hearing their favorite music for 30 minutes. The results are as follows 1. The recovery of consciousness was revealed through significant changes in facial expression, facial color, and grip strength in the experimental group more strongly than in the control group. No significant changes were shown in verbal order. The differences in recovery of consciousness in the pre-post music therapy between the two groups was not significant in verbal order, facial expression, or grip strength. However, significant changes were seen in facial color. 2. There were no significant differences between the two groups in changes in the frequency of pain complaints after music therapy. However, a significant difference was shown in the pre-post music therapy scres. 3. Vital signs did not show a significant difference between the two groups. However, the $SPO_2$ of the experimental group was significantly elevated after 60 minutes. The difference pre-post to the music therapy in the vital signs between two groups was significant only in body temperature. This study showed that the effect of music therapy given to postoperative patients is that it promotes changes in facial expression, facial color, and grip strength helping recovery of consciousness, stabilizing vital signs, elevating levels of $SPO_2$. and reducing complaints of pain. It is recommended that if the patient wants it music therapy be given right after surgery in the recovery room as a nursing intervention.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.581-593
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye-fixation times on different parts of a student avatar and the virtual presence with two scenarios in the virtual reality-based teaching simulation. This study was to identify user attention while he or she is interacting with a student avatar. By examining where a user is gazing during a conversation with the avatar, we have a better understanding of non-verbal communication. For this study, forty-five college students (21 females and 24 males) participated in the experiment. They had a conversation with a student avatar in a virtual reality-based teaching simulation. The participants had verbal interactions with the student avatar with two scenarios. While they were having a conversation with the virtual character in the teaching simulation, their eye-movements were collected through a head-mounted display with an eye-tracking function embedded. The results revealed that there were significant differences in eye-fixation times. Participants gazed a longer time on facial expression than any other area. The fixation time on the facial expression was more prolonged than on gestures (F=3.75, p<.05). However, the virtual presence was not significantly different in two scenario levels. This result suggested that users focus on the face more than the gesture when they emotionally interact with the virtual character.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.21
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• pp.165-172
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• 1999

For the useful method capable of modern expression on traditional residence architecture, a study was performed on the methodological establishment and possibility of typological method could be examinated to interior design process by typological method. First of all, through the establishment verbal of our Korean traditional architecture and further investigation of environmental and cultural idealogical facts, it could be extracted from natural instinct, duality, continuance, flexibility and transitiov. In second process, based on these results, it could be framed and described the individual typological language and, for the sake of drawing for visual and spatial typology, it was made by sketch in terms and view of possibile guidance of prototype, transforming and application method. from these results of investigated sketches, it cold be used for criteria of application method as the parts of visual and spatial typological elements to have an applicable expression of it/s traditionality. Based on above facts, for the subjects of spatial system, form & shape system, circulation system, order system, decoration system, color & material system in interior design fields, we cold propose the practical possibility through the consideration of application method for built-in meaning that could be adaptable for the interior design practices. These facts were extracted from the based on visual & spatial typology, as above mentiov. Also, through preparing and suggesting the criteria of evaluation and measurement of design quality , we could propose the applicable methodology for further & basically Korean traditional embodiment.