• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1989

The distribution of portal veins within the liver in 30 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into portal veins of eighteen specimens for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in twelve specimens by injecting 30% barium sulfate solution into portal veins, and then radiographed on a X-ray apparatus(Shimadzu 800MA 120Kvp). The results were summarized as follow: 1. The Vena portae was divided immediately upon entering the liver into a very short Truncus dexter venae portae($14.75{\pm}4.86$ : 6.9~23.1mm) and a long Truncus sinister venae portae($94.16{\pm}9.62$ : 110~150mm). 2. The Truncus sinister venae portae runs of first in the long axis of the liver from the Porta hepatis toward the left lobe. At the boundary between the quadrate and left lobes it bends sharply 50 to 80 degrees toward the Incisura ligamentum teretis, and after a course of 36. 5 to 54.mm between the quadrate and left lobes, ends abruptly. The Truncus sinister venae portae is divided for description into the Pars transversa, from the Porta hepatis to the flexure, and the Pars umbilicalis, from the flexure to the end. 3. The branches of Venae portae were Ramus ventralis lobi sinistri, Ramus intermedius lobi sinistri, Ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri, Ramus lobi quadratii, Ramus ventralis lobi dextri, Ramus intermedius lobi dextri, Ramus dorsalis lobi dextri, Rami processus caudatorum and Rami processus papillarum. 4. The Ramus intermedius lobi sinistri was arised from the left surface of the Pars umbilicalis, and was origined on the common trunk with Ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri(3 cases, 10%) or Ramus ventralis lobi sinistri(3 cases, 10%). 5. The Rami lobi quadratii consisted of the vein(15 cases, 50%) or two veins(15 cases, 50%), and was observed on the arched-shaped at 2 cases (6.6%) of the liver. 6. The Rami processus caudatorum consisted of one vein(28 cases, 93.3%) or two veins(2 cases, 6.6%). The former were formed common trunk with R, dorsalis lobi dextri(7 cases, 23.3%) or R. ventralis lobi dextri (2 cases, 6.6%). 7. The Rami processus papillarum were arised from the dorsal border of Pars transversa, and also gave off many small branches supplied papillary process of the caudate lobe. 8. The anastomosis on the branches of Vena portae was observed in the intralobar and interlobar areas. 9. The Truncus dexter venae portae and Truncus sinister venae were ramified many secondary branches that were radiated within the liver. 10. On the diaphragmatic surface, small vessels of the portal veins were observed, while there were big ones on the visceral surface. 11. The ramified angles at Ramus dorsalis lobi dextri, Rami processus papillarum, Ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri, Ramus intermedius lobi sinistri, Ramus ventralis lobi sinistri, Rami lobi quadratii, Rami processus caudatorum, Ramus ventralis lobi dextri and Ramus intermedius were 10~50, 70~110, 100~150, 140~170, 185~220, 270~330, 240~300, 270~320 and 340~10 degrees, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.511-521
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• 1992

The distribution of the hepatic arteries within the liver in 30 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into the hepatic arteries of 10 livers for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in 20 livers by injected 30% barium sulfate solution into the hepatic arteries and then radiographed on X-ray apparatus. The results were summarized as follow ; 1. The hepatic arteries were divided into the Ramus (R.) sinister, R. dexter and R. intermedius. The intrahepatic arteries were derived from the R. sinister and R. dexter. The R. intermedius divided into the Arteria(A.) gastrica dextra, A. gastroduodenalis and A. cystica. 2. The right branch (ramus dexter) of the hepatic artery supplies the right lobe and caudate process. It consisted of the A. dorsalis lobi dextri, A. ventralis lobi dextri and A. lobi caudati. They formed one common trunk with three arteries(6 cases, 20%), and two arteries formed common trunk with the A. ventralis lobi dextri and A. lobi caudati (16 cases, 52.8%), or with A. dorsalis lobi dextri and A. lobi caudati (5 cases, 16.5%). The three arteries arose from the A. hepatia independently(3 cases, 10%). 3. The left branch (ramus sinister), larger than the right and often double (6 cases, 20%), supplies the caudate, quadrate and left lobes, and often gives origin to the A. gastrica dextra. 4. The branches of hepatic artery in the left lobe were derived from A. dorsalis lobi sinistri, A. ventralis lobi sinistri and A. intermedius lobi sinistri. The A. intermedius lobi sinistri were absent in some cases (3 cases, 10%). They almostly originated a single branch and often two branches. 5. The A. cystica arose from the R. intermedius(27 cases, 90%) and A. hepaica(3 cases, 10%). 6. The Rami processus papillarum arose from dorsal border of the Pars transversa of the left branch(19 cases, 62.7%), the left branch and right branch (9 cases, 30%) or A. hepatica(2 cases, 6.6%). 7. The A. lobi quadrata arose from either the Pars transversa of left branch (12 cases, 40%) or A. hepatica(4 cases, 13.2%). It also arose from both Pars transversa of left branch and A. ventralis lobi sinistri (3 cases, 10%). 8. The anastomosis on the branches of A. hepatica was observed in intrahepatic and cystic arteries. The left and right branches ramified several secondary radiating branches within the liver. 9. The hepatic arteries formed a very short common trunk of the right branch ($18.75{\pm}11.89$ : 2.20~44.8mm) and a long Pars transversa of the left branch($72.85{\pm}20.04$ : 28.2~104.1mm). 10. The ramified angles at the A. dorsalis lobi dextri, A. ventralis lobi dextri, A. lobi sinistri, A. ventralis lobi sinistri, A. lobi quadrata, A. cystica and Rami processus papillarum were 50-80, 270-300, 340-20, 120-160, 160-290, 200-230, 250~290, 230~280 and 80~120 degrees, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.140-147
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• 2002

시상은 체감각 정보를 처리하는데 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 부위이다. 본 연구는 운동장애 환자의 시상에서 뉴론의 활동 특성을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 그 결과 체감각으로서의 운동자극에 반응하는 뉴론이 essential tremor (ET) 환자의 nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM)에서 발견되었다. ET 환자 뉴론의 평균 활동율(firing rate)은 Parkinson's disease (PD) 환자 보다 높았다. 또한 ET 환자의 VIM에서 운동자극에 반응하는 뉴론의 평균 활동율은 PD 환자 보다 높았다. 하지만 촉각자극(touch)에 반응하는 nucleus ventralis caudalis (VC) 뉴론의 활동율은 ET와 PD 집단간에 차가 없었다. Bursting activity를 나타내는 뉴론은 nucleus ventralis oralis anterior (VOP)에서 ET집단이 PD 집단보다 적었다. tremor cell은 VIM에서 PD 보다 ET집단이 더 적었다. 이러한 결과는 체감각 자극에 반응하는 시상 뉴론의 특성이 운동장애의 유형에 따라 서로 다르다는 것을 시사한다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2015

Objective : Tremor is a common movement disorder that interferes with daily living. Since the medication for tremor has some limitations, surgical intervention is needed in many patients. In certain patients who cannot undergo aggressive surgical intervention, Gamma Knife thalamotomy (GKT) is a safe and effective alternative. Methods : From June 2012 to August 2013, 7 patients with an intractable tremor underwent GKT. Four of these 7 patients had medical comorbidities, and 3 patients refused to undergo traditional surgery. Each patient was evaluated with the modified Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale (TRS) along with analysis of handwriting samples. All of the patients underwent GKT with a maximal dose of 130 Gy to the left ventralis intermedius (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus. Follow-up brain MRI was performed after 3 to 8 months of GKT, and evaluation with the TRS was also performed. Results : Six patients showed objective improvement in the TRS score. Excluding one patient who demonstrated tremor progression, there was 28.9% improvement in the TRS score. However, five patients showed subjective improvement in their symptoms. On comparing the TRS scores between follow-up periods of more and less than 4 months, the follow-up TRS score at more than 4 months of GKT was significantly improved compared to that at less than 4 months of GKT. Follow-up MRI showed radiosurgical changes in 5 patients. Conclusion : GKT with a maximal dose of 130 Gy to the VIM is a safe procedure that can replace other surgical procedures.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1024-1029
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• 2000

Objectives : With recent improvements in neuroimaging and the development of third and fourth-generation radiosurgical dose-planning soft ware, came a renewed interest in using radiosurgery for the treatment of movement disorders. Radiosurgery involves no opening of the cranium and no incisions, eliminating both the risk of hemorrhage from passing an electrode to the depths of meningitis from operative infection. It is for these reasons stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of movement disorders has value in a small subgroup of patients. The authors report four cases of Parkinson's disease and one case of dystonia that were treated by Gamma knife. Methods : Radiosurgical nucleus ventralis intermedius thalamotomy using the gamma knife unit was performed to make lesion in two Parkinson's disease patients. A radiation dose of 120Gy was delivered to nucleus using a single 4-mm collimator plug pattern following classic anatomical landmarks. Patients were followed for a median of 10.5 months(range 9-12 months). An independent neurological evaluation of tremor, based on the change in the United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale tremor score(UPDRS), was correlated with a subjective evaluation. Gamma knife ventrolateral(V.O.P) thalamotomy was performed in one case of dystonia. A central dose of 150Gy was delivered and the patient was followed for 18 months. Gamma knife globus pallidus interna pallidotomy was performed in two Parkinson's disease patients. A radiation dose of 130Gy(range 120-140Gy) was delivered. Patients were followed for a median of 13 months(range 9-14 months). Result : Ventrolateral thalamotomy in dystonia produced regained left hand usage in order to be able to use the telephone. Ventralis intermedius thalamotomy produced an excellent improvement of the tremor in one case, mild improvement of the tremor in the other case of Parkinson's disease. A globus pallidus internalis(GPi) pallidotomy produced improvement of rigidity and dyskinesia : one other showed no change. There were no neurological complications. Conclusion : Gamma Knife thalamotomy considered a safe and effective technique for the treatment of tremor in Parkinson's disease. Although the results from Longer follow-up is not available yet, the short-term results seem to be encouraging.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.325-328
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• 2005

Objective: Stereotactic thalamic procedure is well known to be a effective treatment for disabling upper limb tremor of essential tremor. However, the effect of this procedure for head tremor, which is midline symptom of that disease entity, has not been sufficiently established. The authors discuss the result of stereotactic thalamic operations for head tremor of their patients who suffered from essential tremor. Methods: We evaluated 4 patients of essential tremor who had head tremor combined with both upper limb tremor. One patient underwent unilateral ventralis intermedius thalamotomy, two patients had unilateral Vim deep brain stimulation(DBS) and one patient had unilateral Vim thalamotomy and contralateral DBS. Postoperative results of tremor were evaluated using our proposed scale. Results: Contralateral upper limb tremors to surgical side were markedly resolved in all patients but there was no meaningful effect for head tremor in 3 patients who underwent unilateral thalamic surgery. In a patient having simultaneously unilateral thalamotomy and contralateral DBS, remarkable improvement of head tremor was observed. Conclusion: Although it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of thalamic surgery for axial symptom of essential tremor with a few cases, simultaneous unilateral thalamotomy and contralateral DBS would be expected to induce favorable outcomes for head tremor with significant economical advantages.