• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.397-402
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• 2005

Photovoltaic (PV) module can generate electricity using sunlight without causing any environmental degradation. Due to higher fossil fuel prices and environmental awareness, PV applications are becoming more popular as clean source of electricity generation. PV output is sensitive to the operating temperature and can be drastically affected in Building Integrated PV (BIPV) systems. PV Solarwall (SWPV) combination and PV systems have been evaluated in this study for improvement in electrical output and system costs. PV modules under forced ventilation. A 75W polycrystalline silicon PV module was fixed on SW in front of the ventilation fan as it was indicated to be the coolest position on the SW in phoenix simulations. The effectiveness of cooling by means of the forced ventilating air stream has been studied experimentally. The results indicate that there appears to be significant difference in temperature as well as electricity output comparing the SWPV and BIPV options. Electrical output power recovered is about $4\%$ during the typical day of the month of February. RETScreen(R) analysis of a 3kW PV system hypothetically located at Taegu has shown that with typical temperature reduction of $15^{{\circ}C$, it is possible to reduce the simple payback periods by one year. The work described in this paper may be viewed as an appraisal of a SWPV system based on its improved electrical and financial performances due to its ability to operate at relatively lower temperatures.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the past was considered a surgical emergency requiring immediate operation. Several groups now advocate preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery. The treatment strategy for CDH in this institution is delayed surgery after preoperative stabilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of delayed surgery. A retrospective review of 16 neonates with CDH was performed. Surfactant. conventional mechanical ventilation. high frequency oscillation. and nitric oxide were utilized for preoperative stabilization as necessary. The difference in outcome between two groups differentiated by the duration of the preoperative stabilization periods with mechanical ventilation (${\leq}$ 8 hours and > 8 hours) was determined. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data. There were 7 right-sided hernias and 9 left. The average duration of stabilization was 32.4 hours. Hepatic herniation through the defect was found in 6 cases and all died. The most common postoperative complication was pneumothorax. The mortality rate of the right side hernia was higher than the left (85.7% vs. 33.3%. p=0.036). Mortality rate of the group (N=8) whose preoperative stabilization period was 8 hours or less was better than that (N=6) whose preoperative stabilization period was more than 8 hours (25.0% vs. 83.3%. p=0.031). The overall mortality rate was 56.3%. The better prognosis was noticed in left side hernia. no liver herniation, or shorter preoperative stabilization period.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.445-450
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• 2008

Background: As the number of older-aged people increases, the number of elderly patients who receive critical care services is expected to increase substantially. The objective of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly patients who receive mechanical ventilation for more than 30 days in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) at a university hospital. Methods: We retrospectively examined forty-one elderly patients (${\geq}65$ years old) who were receiving mechanical ventilation, from April 2004 to March 2007, for periods exceeding 30 days at the MICU at Eulji University Hospital. Results: The MICU and hospitalmortality rate were 60.9% and 65.9%, respectively. The mean length of the ICU stay was 57.5 days and the mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 49.3 days. The most common reason for MICU admission was acute respiratory failure (73.2%), followed by sepsis (12.2%), neurological problems (9.8%), and gastrointestinal bleeding (4.9%). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores were higher for the nonsurvivors than for the survivors (28.0 vs. 25.0, respectively, p=0.03). The nonsurvivors received more red blood cell (RBC) transfusions during their ICU stay than did the survivors (84.0% vs. 43.8%, respectively p=0.007). The factors associated with hospital death were the APACHE II score and if the patient had received a RBC transfusion. Conclusion: The APACHE II score and a RBC transfusion were predictors of increased hospital mortality for the elderly patients who were on prolonged mechanical ventilation. These predictors may assist physicians to make clinical decisions for this patient population.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.3 s.217
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• pp.103-113
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the present condition of sick house syndrome of newly built apartments a mid-sized city. The questionnaire survey was carried out from $19^{th}\;to\;22^{nd}$ of May 2004, with respondents consisting of 160 households living in two apartment complexes of Cheongju. Their residency periods after moving in were within $six{\sim}ten$ months. From the survey results of the respondents, sick house syndrome items revealed high percentages with the highest value of 49.3%. The respondents answered that they knew relatively well about sick house syndrome but they had no knowledge about 'bake-out'. The response percentages of sick house syndrome items in E complex, consisting of $106m^2$ (32 pyeong) size units, were significantly higher than those in A complex, consisting of $76m^2$ (23 pyeong) size units. This result suggests that the pollution levels emitted from interior materials in larger sized apartment units are higher than those in small sized units. The response percentages of sick house syndrome items in houses with fulfilled ventilation which had been ventilated before or after moving in were lower than in houses not ventilated.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.727-732
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of flame-proof clothing on physiological responses and subjective sensation. We measured rectal temperatures, local skin temperature, clothing microclimate, blood pressure, heart rate, body weight loss and subjective sensation during 90 minutes (30 min of rest, 45 min of exercise and 15 min of recovery periods). Seven male subjects wore flame-proof clothing or reformed flame-proof clothing under the environmental condition of $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $45{\pm}5%$ RH and $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}5%$ RH. The results of this study were as follows; Rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, clothing microclimate and blood pressure were significantly lower levels in reformed flame-proof clothing. Heart rate and body weight loss were also showed lower levels. Subjects replied less hot, less uncomfortable and less wet in wearing a reformed flame-proof clothing. Our present results suggest that the ventilation through of gusset in underarm seam and zipper in sideseam of slacks are qualitatively useful for physiological needs.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.722-728
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• 2005

The present paper deals with heating energy estimation in Korean-style apartments, paying special attention to the effect of room condition settings. Two types of heating modes are considered: continuous single-zone and scheduled multi-zone. In the latter, zones during unoccupied periods remain unconditioned. Also analyzed are sensitivities in heating energy with respect to the air change rate and the set temperature. The energy use is estimated with TRNSYS 15, a dynamic load calculation program. Heating energy for the actual residential condition (1.0 ACH and $24^{\circ}C$) appears to be nearly the same as that for a typical design standard (1.5 ACH and $20^{\circ}C$). The air change rate affects heating energy as sensitive]y as the set temperature. For all the simulated cases, the scheduled multi-zone heating mode is more energy-efficient than the continuous single-zone. Heating energy depends appreciably on the shading factor. It is expected that considerable heating energy for apartment houses can be saved by employing a multi-zone mode along with appropriate control devices.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.111-121
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• 2010

Purpose: This meta-analysis was aimed to investigate the evidence of proper period of the ventilator circuit change using existing research. Methods: For this study, 14 published studies between 1995 and 2010 were tested by Macaskill, Funnel Plot, the Odds Ratio of DerSimonian and Laird, Fisher and Liptak analysis. Results: There were no publication bias found in the subjects. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated no statistically significant differences were observed in neither the Odds Ratio (OR=1.18, 95% CI=0.94-1.47) of the frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the mortality based on the period of the ventilator circuit change (Fisher p=.332, Liptak p=.498), nor the ventilation duration of ventilator (Fisher p=.843, Liptak p=.506), and the hospital length of stay (Fisher p=.254, Liptak p=.480). Conclusion: In order to present more concrete guidelines on the period of the ventilator circuit change, further research is warranted to thoroughly control confounding variables which related to the periods of the ventilator circuit change.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out to get the basic information about long term storage (Temp.: -10${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and -l${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, RH; 30${\pm}$6) of rice germplasm by using three Japonica and one Indica x Japonica cultivars based on the storage periods (96, 86, 58 and 20 months). The germination ability, based on the storing periods, was tested under the conditions of 30-32$^{\circ}C$ and 15-17$^{\circ}C$ air temperature. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. There were no significant differences between the short and long term storage conditions in the percentage of germination, average germination period, germination coefficient of the four varieties tested under both 15-17$^{\circ}C$ of low and 30-32$^{\circ}C$ of optimum temperature conditions. 2. Eventhough there were no significant differences in germination depending on the storage periods under optimum temperature condition (30-32$^{\circ}C$). Longer storage duration resulted in lower germination percentage, longer average germination period and lower germination coefficient under low temperature condition (15-17$^{\circ}C$). Comparing the varieties, the germination percentage of a Indica/Japonica cultivar "Tongil" was lower than that of Japonica cultivars under the low temperature condition (15-17$^{\circ}C$). 3. The longer period of storage, the more abnormal plants had appeared. 4. The germination ability was lost earlier under the condition of high moisture content in the seed and non-ventilation container.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1458-1467
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• 2010

The present study was retrospectively designed to define whether preoperative levels of leukocytes and D-dimer are potentially useful factors in predicting perioperative outcomes of coronary heart disease (CHD). There was no relationship between preoperative leukocyte counts (Pre-OP leukocyte) and preoperative D-dimer levels (Pre-OP D-dimer). Pre-OP leukocyte counts each had positive correlation with cardiac troponin-I, creatine kinase-MB or C-reactive protein (cardiac markers) levels at preoperative and postoperative periods. Pre-OP D-dimer levels were positively associated with each cardiac marker at the same periods. Pre-OP leukocyte counts positively related with aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (liver markers), whereas Pre-OP D-dimer level positively or negatively correlated with bilirubin (liver marker), creatinine (renal marker) or glucose levels at preoperative and/or postoperative periods. Pre-OP leukocyte and Pre-OP D-dimer were inversely associated with Pre-OP high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels or left ventricular ejection fraction. Pre-OP leukocyte counts each had positive correlation operation duration and postoperative mechanical ventilation-time (PMVT), whereas Pre-OP D-dimer levels had positive relationship with PMVT, intensive care unit-staying period and hospitalization. The retrospective data suggest that Pre-OP leukocyte and Pre-OP D-dimer levels may be clinically useful factors for predicting perioperative outcomes in patients with CHD.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.638-646
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• 2015

To increase the utility of seeds in plant resources, seeds of 6 Aster species(A. incisus, A. hayatae, A. koraiensis, A. scaber, A. spathulifolius, and A. yomena) were subjected to experiments to develop adequate methods for sprout production. To study optimum germination conditions, germination rates of the seeds were analyzed at different temperature (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and light conditions. A longitudinal growth experiment was performed in dark conditions for 10 days. Seedlings, with optimum germination rate and longitudinal growth, were placed in the light for 0-3 days to seek the adequate greening periods. Sprouts grown under optimum environmental conditions were placed in vessels with or without ventilation, and stored under $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ to examine storage environment and period. As a result of this analysis, seeds were selected that germinated over 50% within 12 days. Longitudinal growth was promoted at $20-25^{\circ}C$, and optimum growth was obtained with 7-9 days. As greening days increased longitudinal growth was retarded, but orbital growth of radicles and cotyledons was promoted. Considering all these factors, greening treatment of 2 days showed the best results. In a storage ability experiment, the best result was achieved by storage in vessels without ventilation under $4^{\circ}C$. Ventilation prevented rotting of sprouts, but reduced moisture contents of sprouts. Most sprouts were fresh at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3-6 days. In particular, sprouts of A. hayatae and A. yomena had high keeping quality, and remained fresh over 3 days even at $10^{\circ}C$.