• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.199-213
• /
• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.591-597
• /
• 1997

개심술시 사용되는 체외순환에 따른 혈액희석, 염증성반응 등으로 인하여 개심술후 혈관외용적 증가 및 조직내 수분증가로 인하며 심장 및 폐기능 저하는 잘 알려진 사실이며 특히 소아에서는 심한 경우에는 장 기부전이 초래 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 여러가지 장점을 갖고 있는 변형초여과법을 임상적용하여 개심술 직 후 심폐기능에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 A): 1996년 4월부터 1996년 8월 까지 삼성의료원 흉부외과에서 변형초여과법을 실시한 총 71명의 환자중 전향적연구을 실시한 소아환자 26명을 대상으로 하여 변형초여과법전후의 혈역학적 수치를 비교하 였다. 변형초여과법 전후의 .적혈구 용적량은 28.3$\pm$3.6%에서 33.8$\pm$4.0%로 증가 (P<0.001), 중심정맥압은 7.8 k3.7mmHg에서 6.9$\pm$2.gmmHg로 감소하였으며(PfO.001), 수축기 혈압은 66.7$\pm$11.2mmH프에서 76.2 11.8 mmHg로 증가하였다( p < 0.02). 연구 B): 변형초여과법이 폐에 미치는영향을 평가하기 위하여 2세 미만의 심실중격결손 환자중 변형초여 과법군(12명)과 초여과법을 적용하지 않은 대조군(14명)으로 하여 수술직후 최대호기압, 폐포-모세혈관 산소 분압차, 기관지 삽관기\ulcorner 등을 비교하였다. 최대호기압은 각각 20.0$\pm$2.4cm1120,22.4$\pm$2.3cm1120로 변형초여 과법군이 의미 있게 낮았으며(p<0.03), 폐포-모세혈관 산소분압차 및 기관지 상관기간은 변형초여과법 적용 군에서 낮았으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 상기연구를 통하여 변형초여과법을 사용함으써 효과적으로 혈액을 농축시킬수 있으며, 더 낮은 중심정맥 암에서 더 높은 수축기 혈압 등의 혈역학적 이득이 있으며, 술후 폐포-모세혈관 산소분압차 및 최대호기압 의 감소 등, 폐기능 향상의 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구팀은 향후 계속적으로 소아 개심술후 변 형초여과법을 적용하여 이에 대한 효과.및 기전에 대한 연구를 계속시행할 예정이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.85-104
• /
• 1969

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of rapid hemorrhage on cardiopulmonary hemodynamics of the cooled dogs. Hypothermia was induced by means of body surface cooling with ice water. Lowest esophageal temperatures ranged from 24 to 26 degree. Dogs were bled via the femoral artery into a reservoir in amount of the equivalent blood volume of 3% of body weight of the dogs. Some dogs were reinfused with the same amount of blood which they lost and others infused with 5% dextrose solution. Fourty adult mongrel dogs were divided into three groups: group I[15 dogs]; dogs were bled in normothermic state. Five dogs had no further treatment, but five dogs were reinfused with blood and five infused with 5% dextrose solution 30 minutes after bleeding. GroupII[10 dogs]; dogs were bled as group I after having been cooled. Five dogs were reinfused with blood as group I. Group III[15 dogs]; dogs were first bled and then cooled. Reinfusion procedures were the same as in group l Results were as follow: 1. The heart rate showed a slight decrease after bleeding in group I and then increased over the control level after 60 minutes. After reinfusion and infusion, the heart rate was also increased gradually and after three hours almost returned to the control level. In group II and groupIll, the heart rate decreased remarkably and after reinfusion showed a light increase but after infusion tended to decrease cotinually. 2. The stroke volume showed remarkable decrease after bleeding in group I., and recovered to control level after reinfusion and infusion,and then gradually decreased again. In group III, the stroke volume showed no remarkable change after hypothermia, and tended to decrease after reinfusion. In group III, the stroke volume decreased remarkably after bleeding and hypothermia,and clearly increased after reinfusion and infusion and then returned to control level. 3. Femoral mean pressure declined very rapidly and significantly right after bleeding and showed a remarkable prompt rise after reinfusion and infusion in group I [67% recovery]. On the other hand, it declined remarkably after hypothermia and bleeding and showed a slight rise after reinfusion and infusion in group II[46% recovery] and III [41% recovery]. 4. Venous pressure declined slightly after bleeding and tended to return to the control level after reinfusion and infusion,in group I. In group II, it did not change significantly during hypothermia but showed a slight decline after bleeding and returned toward control level after reinfusion. In group III, it declined slightly after bleeding and showed no significant change after hypothermia and rose over the control level after reinfusion and infusion. 5. Right ventricular systolic pressure decreased markedly after bleeding and then increased progressively after 30 minutes. It increased after reinfusion and infusion as well, approaching the control level in group I. In group II, it showed no significant change during hypothermia, but decreased remarkably after bleeding and then returned to near control level after reinfusion. In group III, it was decreased markedly after bleeding but did not change significantly during hypothermia and showed a slight increase after reinfusion. 6. The respiratory rate increased gradually after bleeding and decreased gradually after reinfusion but did not return to the control level, whereas it decreased near to the control level after infusion,and tended to increase in group I. In group II, it decreased significantly after hypothermia and bleeding but returned near to the control level after reinfusion. In group III, it showed a remarkable decrease after hypothermia and increased slightly after reinfusion and infusion but did not returned to the control level. In group I, the tidal volume decreased slightly after hemorrhage, and increased gradually to near the control level after 3 hours following reinfusion.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.220-238
• /
• 1976

Six cases of congenital heart disease were operated on by means of cardiopulmonary bypass between December, 1975 and April, 1976. Two cases of ventricular septal defects (VSD), two cases of VSD, associated with ruptured aneurysm of sinus Valsalva, two cases of atrial septal defects (ASD) and one case of pulmonic stenosis with patent ductus arteriosus were operated. Sarns roller pumps and Bentley Temptrol oxygenators were used for extracorporeal circulation. Pump oxygenator was primed with Ringer's lactate solution, 5% dextrose in water, mannitol, and ACD blood. Flow rate ranged from 2.0 to $2.4L/M^2/min$. Bicarbonate was added to the oxygenator with estimated amount as 15 mEq/L/hr. Venous catheters were introduced into superior and inferior vena cava, and oxygenated blood was returned to the body through aortic cannula inserted into ascending aorta. Moderate hypothermia ($30^{\circ}C$) was induced by core cooling. Aorta was cross clamped for 15 minutes and released for 3 minutes, and repeated clamping when necessary. Atrial and ventricular septal efects were closed by direct sutures. Aneurysms of sinus Valsalva ruptured into the right ventricle were repaired through right ventriculotomy by d:rect closure with Dacron patch reinforcement. Cardiopulmonary bypass time varied from 66 to 209 minutes, and aorta cross clamping time ranged from 13 to 56 minutes. Postoperative bleeding was minimal except one case who needed for evacuation of substernal hematoma. Intra- and postoperative urinary output was satisfactory. Acid-base balance, partial pressure of $O_2$, electrolytes, and hematological changes during intra- and post-perfusion period remained at the acceptable ranges. No mortality was experienced.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.115-132
• /
• 1969

The normal physiological values of Korean mongrel dogs were studied, comparing them with foreign references, on the basis of control physiological data measured on 110 cases out of the dogs submitted to the experiments in our department. The hemodynamic measurements varied widely between the both limits of reported normal control data, with the mean value of heart rate $140.4{\pm}26.6$/min., and both the systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures $137.2{\pm}31.7$mmHg and $104.7{\pm}14.4$ mmHg, as well as the venous pressure of $9.11{\pm}2.18$ cm.$H_2O$. Hematologically, the number of red blood cells $4,571,000{\pm}767,000$per cu.mm., the amount of hemoglobin $11.57{\pm}3.74$ gm/dl and the hematocrit $37.3{\pm}7.2$ per cent, were equally the values a little lower than the reported normal means. However, the white blood cells were within the reported normal limits both in number, $10,384{\pm}4,877$ per cu. mm and their differential counts with slightly broader ranges of variation. The platelet count was $149,800{\pm}47,000 $per cu. mm and was also far below the normal, while the coagulation time $9.03{\pm}2.69$min. and the prothrombin time $13.17{\pm}6.52$sec were within normal limits, though a little prolonged. The serum electrolytes, Na $146.6{\pm}10.44$mEq/L.,K $4.46{\pm}0.84$mEq/L., CI $118.3{\pm}7.88$mEq/L. and Ca $11.45{\pm}5.62$mg./dl, and the blood glucose level of $94.9{\pm}31.79$mg./dl were essentially not different from the reported normal values. The serum proteins, total protein $7.15{\pm}1.41$gm/dl., albumin $4.09{\pm}0.77$gm./dl. and globulin $3.18{\pm}0.88$gm/dl. were included near the higher limits of the reported normal levels. The thymol turbidity 0.1-3.04 units were normal in 10 cases, and the cephaline flocculation was within normal range except 2 cases out of 26 dogs, showing two positive in 24 hours. And the nitrogen series, NPN $34.61{\pm}10.29$mg/dl. and BUN $12.77{\pm}6.37$mg./dl. were normal. It may be concluded that from the point of view of hereby measured physiological data compared with the foreign references, the Korean mongrel dogs have a compatible laboratory data with only the special regards to their tendency toward anemia in red blood cell series.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.569-577
• /
• 1986

Between October 1979 and June 1986, modified Fontan procedures have been performed on 22 patients by the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine. Twelve patients had tricuspid atresia; one, congenital tricuspid stenosis; five, single ventricle; two, I-transposition of the great vessels; one, double outlet right ventricle, and one, pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum. There were 9 operative deaths [mortality; 40.9%]. The causes of death were right heart failure in six patients and pulmonary venous hypertension in one who misdiagnosed preoperatively. Another two were deceased due to sepsis and cerebrovascular accident at postoperative 35 and 34 days in each. There were 7 patients below 4 years of age at the time of operation and among them 4 patients were deceased. The operative death was not related with patients` age above and below 4[p=0.211]. The relation between operative death of tricuspid anomaly and another cardiac malformations was statistically significant [p=0.048]. The operative procedures with or without valved conduit [woven dacron] was related significantly [p=0.043] in the case of the 21 of the patients, but the modified Fontan operation with a valved conduit was performed early stage in this series. Since 1982, we operated on 4 patients, doing a right atrium-right ventricle anastomosis without a conduit. All survived and remained in functional class I [NYHA]. The right atrial pressure [RAP] was elevated significantly after operation [mean 9.9$\pm$4.8 ~16.9$\pm$3.6 mmHg, p<0.001]. The relation between the postoperative RAP of the survival group [16.5$\pm$4.3 mmHg] and the group who died [17.4$\pm$2.2 mmHg] was statistically significant [p=0.047]. There was no relation between any operative death and any previous palliation. All patients were followed for 4 months to 80 months, except one who was lost to follow up at 2 months following surgery [mean 11.4 months, 238 patient. months]. All were in functional class I with 5 on medications and 7 not. One was reoperated at 70 months following the first operation, due to conduit stenosis. She was moderately impaired in activity, with hepatomegaly after the second operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 2002

배경: 폐장 이식 수술 시 필연적으로 1~4 시간 이내에 나타나는 급성 허혈-재관류 손상 기 전에 세포간부착물질의 활성화가 중요한 역할을 하리라는 가설을 세우고 동물실험을 통해 폐장에서 허혈-재관류를 유도한 후 세포간부착물질의 활성화 정도와 장기의 기능을 동시에 평가하여 실제로 세포간부착물질의 증가에 의한 염증반응과 장기 기능 저하 현상 사이에 밀접한 관계가 있는지를 증명하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 체중 15~20kg의 잡견 7마리를 사용하여 좌측 폐문부를 차단하여 좌측 폐 온혈 허혈을 100분간 유발시킨 후 재관류를 시켰다. 재관류 후 4시간 동안 우측 폐문부를 간헐적으로 차단하면서 허혈시킨 좌측 폐 단독으로의 가스교환능, 혈역학적 변수, 호흡 역학적 변수를 측정하고, 각 시간대별로 폐정맥혈 내 TNF-$\alpha$및 cICAM-1 농도를 측정하였다. 실험 종료 후 폐 조직 수분 함량, 조직 내 지방 산화물과 (malonedialdehide; MDA) ATP양을 측정하고, 광학 현미경 소견 및 면역 형광염색법으로 혈관내피세포의 ICAM-1 발현 양상을 관찰하였다. 결과: 동맥혈 산소 분압, 폐혈관저항 및 조직검사, 조직 내 MDA 농도와 ATP 농도는 폐손상 소견을 나타내었다. TNF-$\alpha$는 재관류 1시간에 8.76$\pm$2.37 ng/ml으로 최고치를 보인 후 빠르게 감소하였으나 cICAM-1은 변화가 없었다, 면역현광염색법을 이용한 혈관내피세로의 ICAM-1은 변화가 없었다. 면역형광염색법을 이용한 혈관내피세포의 ICAM-1염색은 2마리에서는 허혈 전, 후의 차이가 발견되지 않았으나, 3마리에서는 허혈-재관류의 손상 후 ICAM-1의 발현이 관찰되었고, 2마리에서는 그 발현 양상이 허혈 전에 비해 매우 뚜렷하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과에서 폐장의 허혈-재관류 손상 시 싸이토카인 과 세포부착물질이 증가하나 그 증가 시기에 차이가 있음을 밝혔다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.104-107
• /
• 2010

급성호흡부전증후군은 치료가 어렵고 치명율이 높다. 인공호흡기 치료에 반응하지 않는 중증의 경우 체외막 산화기(Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)가 적용되고 있다. 교통사고로 다발성 외상을 받은 21세 여자가 흉부 방사선상 양측폐에 심한 침윤 소견과 동맥혈가스 검사상 급성호흡부전증후군(Acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)으로 판단되어 정맥동맥 체외산화기(Veno- arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, VA ECMO) 치료를 시작하였다. ECMO 적용 2일째 흉부 방사선상 폐 침윤 소견 악화되면서 동맥혈 산소 포화도(Systemic oxygen saturation, $SaO_2$)가 85% 미만으로 저하되었다. 이에 중추신경계와 폐의 산소화를 향상시키기 위해 ECMO의 유출로에 곁회로를 이용하여 우측 경정맥에 연결하여 정맥-정맥동맥 ECMO (Veno-venoarterial ECMO, V-VA ECMO)로 전환하였고 이후 동맥혈 산소 분압($PaO_2$) 65 mmHg, $SaO_2$ 94%로 향상되었다. V-VA ECMO로의 전환은 전신에 산소 공급을 늘리기 위해 고려해 볼 수 있는 방법으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.744-748
• /
• 2009

배경: 이 연구를 통해 침습적인 시술이 증가 함에 따른 의인성 기흉의 원인과 그에 따른 이환율을 알고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2005년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지 의인성 기흉의 진단으로 입원치료를 받은 112명의 환자(20세부터 90세까지의 연령분포를 보인 65명의 남자 환자와 47명의 여자 환자)에게서 후향적으로 의무기록을 조사하였다. 결과: 의인성 기흉의 호발 원인은 경피적 폐생검(50), 중심정맥관 삽입(29), 침술(14), 흉수천자(8), 양압환기(7)의 순서였다. 60명의 환자에서 흉관삽관술을 통해 치료하였다. 평균 치료 기간은 5.8 $({\pm}4.0)$일이었다. 24명의 환자에서 재원 기간이 길어졌으며, 의인성 기흉으로 인한 사망은 없었다. 결론: 이 연구에서는 의인성 기흉의 가장 흔한 원인은 경피적 폐생검이었다. 이에 따른 사망률이나 이환율은 미미한 수준이었다. 의인성 기흉의 진단에 있어 침습적인 시술 이후의 신중한 검사 및 그에 따른 치료가 중요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.451-474
• /
• 1993

전신마취, 부위 또는 국소 마취시, 그리고 향부정맥제로 술중 및 중환자실에서 흔히 쓰이는 lidocaine의 용량과, 국소 마취제로 인한 중추 신경계의 독성을 예방 또는 중단시키기 위해 사용되는 diazepam의 전투여시 이로 인한 심혈관계 변화 및 lidocaine의 혈중농도를 관찰, 측정하여 환자의 관리 및 치료에 도움을 얻고자 본 실험을 하였다. Nitrous oxide, halothane으로 마취된 개에서 근육이완제 사용 후 조절호흡하에서 혈중 이산화탄소를 35-45mmHg로 유지하면서 국소 마취체인 lidocaine의 용량을 100 mcg/kg/min, 200 mcg/kg/min, 300 mcg/kg/min로 각각 30분간 지속적 침제하면서, diazepam 전투여 유무에 따른 심혈 역학치의 변화 및 lidocaine의 혈중농도를 측정하고, 억제된 심혈관계에 $CaCl_2$를 투여하여 회복 정도를 관찰하였던 바 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. Lidocaine의 지속적 침제량이 증가됨에 따라 심혈관계의 억제가 심하게 나타났으며 평균 동맥압, 심장지수, 일회 박출지수, 좌심실 박출 작업지수, 우심실 박출 작업지수 등은 감소하였고 (p<0.05), 폐동맥 쐐기압, 중심 정맥압, 전신혈관 저항지수 등은 증가하였으나 (p<0.05), 심박동수, 평균 폐동맥압, 폐혈관 저항지수의 변화는 거의 없었다. Lidocaine 100 mcg/kg/min 지속적 침제시는 diazepam을 투여한 II군에서만 평균 동맥압의 의의있는 감소를 보였으며 (p<0.05), lidocaine의 혈중농도는 diazepam투여하지 않은 I군에서는 $3.97{\pm}0.22$에서 $4.48{\pm}0.36$ mcg/ml 범위였고 II 군에서는 $3.70{\pm}0.32$에서 $4.10{\pm}0.22$ mcg/ml범위였다. Lidocaine 200 mcg/kg/min의 지속적 침제시는 I군에서는 평균 동맥압의 감소, 중심정액압의 증가를 나타내었고 (p<0.05), II 군에서는 심장지수의 감소, 폐동백 쐐기압의 증가를 나타내었으며 (p<0.05), lidocaine의 혈중농도는 I군은 $7.50{\pm}0.66$에서 $7.91{\pm}0.77$ mcg/ml, II군에서는 $7.64{\pm}0.79$에서 $8.23{\pm}1.18$ mcg/ml범위로 증가하였다. Lidocaine 300 mcg/kg/min의 지속적 침제시는 I군에서는 평균동맥압, 일회 박출지수, 좌심실 박출 작업지수의 감소가 있었고 (p<0.05), 폐동맥 쐐기압, 중심 정맥압, 전신혈관 저항지수의 증가를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). II군에서는 심장지수, 일회 박출지수, 좌심실 박출 작업지수의 감소가 있었으며 (p<0.05), 폐동맥 쐐기압, 중심 정맥압, 전신혈관 저항지수의 증가를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). 그러나 심박동수, 폐동맥압의 변화는 거의 관찰할 수 없었다. 또한 이때의 혈중 lidocaine의 농도는 I군에서는 $11.30{\pm}2.11$에서 $11.83{\pm}0.59$ mcg/ml범위 로, II군에서는 $12.95{\pm}0.71$에서 $13.79{\pm}0.82$mcg/ml의 범위로 나타내었다. $CaCl_2$ 투여 후는 억제된 심장지수, 일회 박출지수, 전신혈관 저항지수, 폐혈관 저항지수, 좌심실 박출작업지수 및 우심실 박출 작업지수는 회복시켰으나 (p<0.05), 폐동맥 쐐기압, 중심정맥압 등은 오히려 억제시켰다 (p<0.05). 이상에서 자율신경계에 손상이 없으며 산혈증 및 과탄산증이 없는 개에서는 lidocaine의 높은 혈중 농도치에서도 혈역학에 내성이 있었으며, ljdocaine의 중추신경계 독성의 예방 및 치료 목적으로 사용되는 diazepam의 전투여 시에도 추가적인 심혈관계의 억제가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 자율신경계 이상이 있거나 자율신경계를 억압할 수 있는 약을 사용할 때 또는 산혈증, 과탄산증 및 저산소증이 동반된 환자에 사용할 때에는 세심한 주의가 요할 것으로 생각된다.