• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2004

본 연구는 캘리포니아 내 고속도로망을 대상으로 지진발생 후 교통흐름의 변화를 평가하는 기법에 대하여 이루어졌으며, 고속도로망 상에 위치한 교량의 손상정도가 평가기법의 가장 기본적인 요소로 사용되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 교량의 지진취약도는 PGA 또는 PGV의 함수로 나타내어졌고, 1994년 Northridge 지진과 일련의 시나리오 지진에 대하여 교통망 손상 평가를 수행하였다. 또한 교량 보수 및 보강 후 교통망에 대한 피해정도를 정량화하기 위해 확률모델을 개발하였으며, 그 피해정도는 시간(Drivers Delay)으로 나타내었다. 본 연구가 캘리포니아를 대상으로 이루어져 국내적용 및 활용가능성에 대해서는 후속 연구가 뒤따라야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2010

e-Printing은 전통 인쇄 기술을 기반으로 하는 전자소자를 생산하기위한 새로운 기술이다. 이러한 인쇄 전자 소자들은 가격을 낮추기 위하여 대면적 인쇄가 요구된다. 이렇듯 원가를 절감하며 전자 소자에 요구되는 정밀도를 충족하기 위하여 롤투롤(Roll to Roll) 방식의 그라비아(Gravure) 인쇄 시스템이 하나의 대안으로 제시된다. 그라비아 인쇄에는 인쇄 전자 소자의 성능에 영향을 미치는 요소들이 매우 많다 : 건조 방식, 건조 온도, 운전 장력, 인쇄 속도, 잉크 점도, 잉크의 전도성, 망점 및 패턴의 정밀도. 이상에서 언급한 요소들은 각각 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 따라서 인쇄 전자소자의 성능을 향상시키기 위해서는 반듯이 인쇄 적합조건을 찾아야만 한다. 본 논문에서는, 전도성 잉크 및 그라이아 인쇄기를 사용하여 다양한 요소의 조건을 변화하여 패턴(선 및 면)을 인쇄하였으며, 각 인쇄 요소의 변화가 인쇄 전자소자의 성능에 미치는 영향에 관하여 분석 및 연구를 수행하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2010

원형실린더가 균일한 유입유동에서 자유수면 으로부터 깊이를 달리했을 경우 박리점, 경계층 및 칼만 와열의 주기 등의 변화로 인하여 시스템 전체 에너지에 변화를 초래한다. 본 연구에서는 원형실린더의 침수 깊이를 변화시키며 $Re=1.0{\times}10^3$에서 유동장을 계측하였다. 2차원 그레이 레벨 상호상관 PIV기법을 이용하여 원형실린더 주위의 유동특성을 알아보기 위하여 상호 비교하는 방법을 적용하였다. 자유수면의 점성과 마찰에 의해 발생하는 원형실린더 주변유동은 경계층을 변화시키고 후류유동에 교란을 일으킨다. 특히, 몰수체의 깊이가 d=1.0D의 경우에 있어서 경계층의 변화가 후류로 길게 형성되었다. 원형실린더의 깊이가 d=1.5D에서부터 자유수면의 영향이 감소하고 칼만 와열이 발달하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2005

Recently, the importance of CAE research is growing with the advances of the automotive and computer industry. In addition, multi-body dynamics and powertrain analysis are the most important factors in improving the vehicle design. Since engine torque with curve-data was used for analyzing full car simulation in the multi-body dynamics system for many years, it is impossible to assess the concurrent analysis of the engine and powertrain element included in a real full car system. In powertrain, since vehicle are usually modeled as a simple mass and a inertia, they can not be seen as real cars. Moreover, it is hard to obtain additional dynamics data other than the longitudinal velocity value in movement. Because of the reason that was previously discussed, it is necessary to consolidate the two parts as one routine program for design and development through the coordinate system connectivity, and presented here is a program named O-DYN. Using an object-oriented language C++, this program has a good structure with the valuable characteristics of objectivity, inheritance, and reusability. The reliability of this multi-body dynamics program is examined by DADS, which is the general dynamics program, using DAE solver and PECE integral function with the common coordinator separation method. As a result, we can obtain a better solution and total dynamics data in either area through this process. This program will be useful for analyzing full car simulation with powertrain.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.267-267
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• 2019

Driftwood is one of serious problems in a river environment. In several countries, such as Indonesia, Japan, and Italy, the driftwood frequently appears in a river basin, and it can alter the channel bed, flow configuration by wood deposition and jam formation. Therefore, the studies related to driftwood have been actively conducted by many researchers to understand the mechanism of driftwood dynamics. In particular, wood motion by collision is one of the difficult issues in the numerical simulation because the calculation for wood collision requires significantly expensive calculation time due to small time step. Thus, this study conducted the numerical simulation in consideration of the wood motion by water flow and wood collision to understand the wood dynamics in terms of computation. We used the 2D (two-dimensional) depth-averaged velocity model, Nays2DH, which is a Eulerian model to calculate the water flow on the generalized coordinate. A Lagrangian type driftwood model, which expresses the driftwood as connected sphere shape particles, was employed to Nays2DH. In addition, the present study considered root wad effect by using larger diameter for a particle at a head of driftwood. An anisotropic bed friction was considered for the sliding motion dependent on stemwise, streamwise and motion directions. We particularly considered changeable draft at each particle and projection area by an angle between stemwise and flow directions to precisely reproduce the wood motions. The simulation results were compared with experimental results to verify the model. As a result, the simulation results showed good agreement with experimental results. Through this study, it would be expected that this model is a useful tool to predict the driftwood effect in the river flow.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.297-307
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze kinetic variables between thermotherapy and dynamic warm-up during drop-landing. Method: Twenty male healthy subjects (Age: 21.85 ± 1.90 years, Height: 1.81 ± 0.06 cm, Weight: 68.5 ± 7.06 kg) underwent three treatments applied on the thermotherapy of femoral muscles and a dynamic warm-up. The thermotherapy was performed for 15 minutes while sitting in a chair using an electric heating pad equipped with a temperature control device. Dynamic warm-up performed 14 exercise, a non-treatment was sitting in a chair for 15 minutes. Core temperature measurements of all subjects were performed before landing at a height of 50 cm. During drop-landing, core temperature, joint angle, moment, work of the sagittal plane was collected and analyzed. All analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 and for repeated measured ANOVA and Post-hoc was Bonferroni. Results: Results indicated that Thermotherapy was increased temperature than other treatments (p = .000). During drop-landing, hip joint of dynamic warm-up was slower for angular velocity (p < .005), and left ankle joint was fastest than other treatments (p = .004). Maximum joint moment of dynamic warm-up was smaller for three joints (hip extension: p = .000; knee flexion/extension: p = .001/.000; ankle plantarflexion: p = .000). Negative work of dynamic warm-up was smaller than other treatments (p = .000). Conclusion: In conclusion, the thermotherapy in the local area doesn't affect the eccentric contraction of the thigh. The dynamic warm-up treatment minimized the joint moment and negative work of the lower joint during an eccentric contraction, it was confirmed that more active movement was performed than other treatment methods.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2021

Fire sprinkler initial spray was analyzed by Large eddy simulation (LES) and Volume of Fluid (VoF) integrated method. The IsoAdvector geometric VoF was used to identify the liquid-gas interface clearly even with the large Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy number. To reduce the computational costs, sector meshes and Adaptive Mesh Refinement up to level 3 were used. Base mesh size was 1 mm, which is roughly equivalent to the initial sprinkler droplet. Top surface radius of boss and deflector size were modified to investigate the effects of sprinkler head design on primary breakup process. When top surface radius of boss was increased, vertical liquid sheet was formed. This phenomenon reduced the sheet breakup radius, sheet thickness and velocity. Due to reduced liquid sheet thickness, a large amount of ligaments was created from the liquid sheet. As a result, there was a dramatic decrease in volume per surface area, indicating an increase in breakup process. Spray pattern viewed in radial direction also changed when top surface radius of boss increased. When top surface radius of boss was increased, a T-shaped pattern was observed while a V-shaped pattern was observed in all other cases. When the deflector size increases, the spray pattern remains V-shaped, even if the top surface radius of boss increased. Further studies on promoting atomization of the water supplied to the lower part of the sprinkler head in the T-shape pattern should be conducted.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2016년도 학술발표회
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• pp.104-104
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• 2016

소규모 하천에서의 평수기 유량 측정은 일반적으로 지점식 초음파 유속계, 프로펠러 유속계 등을 활용해 도섭법으로 측정된 유속 측정성과를 기반하여 유속-면적법으로 산정된다. 유속-면적법으로 측정된 유량 측정 성과는 횡방향 측선의 수, 수심방향 측점의 수, 측정 시간, 수심 등 제반 측정 인자에 의해 영향을 받고 유량 불확도는 각 인자 별 오차에 영향을 받는다. ISO 748 (2007)과 ISO 1088 (2007)은 유속-면적법 적용방법, 현장 측정 가이드라인, 불확도 인자 별 적용 요건에 따른 오차, 최종 유량 불확도 산정 기법을 제시하였다. 따라서, 국내외 유량조사 기관에서는 유속면적법을 적용할 경우, ISO에서 제시된 인자 별 오차 및 유량 불확도 산정 기법을 기반으로 유량 불확도를 산정해왔다. ISO 748과 1088은 다양한 규모의 실제 하천에서 관측된 자료를 기반으로 횡방향 측선 수, 수심방향 측점 수 (2점법, 3점법 등), 측정 시간 등과 관련된 인자 별 오차를 표로 상세하게 제시하였고 실무에서는 별도 추가 검증없이 사용해 왔다. 그러나, ISO에서 유속-면적법 유량 측정 불확도를 평가하기 위해 사용된 측정자료는 유량을 제어하기 힘들고 유속 측정 상황이 유출 조건 별로 상이한 현장 자료를 기반으로 하였고, 상대적으로 정확도가 낮은 프로펠러유속계를 기반으로 1960년대에 관측된 자료들을 주로 활용하여 도출되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 기존 ISO에서 제시한 유속-면적법에 필요한 인자들의 오차를 정밀 실규모 실험을 통해 재산정하여 기존 ISO 748과 1088에서 제시한 인자별 오차의 적정성을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 흐름을 안정적으로 통제할 수 있는 건설기술연구원 안동 하천실험센터의 완경사수로(A2)에서 정상상태의 폭 7m, 수심 1m, 유속 약 1m/s의 흐름을 유지한 후, 유속 측정 정확도가 우수한 micro-ADV를 활용하여 공간적으로 매우 정밀하게 유속을 측정하고, 수심은 Total Station을 기반으로 흐름 발생 전에 정밀 측정하였다. 오차 분석 결과, ISO 규정에서 제시한 오차와 본 실험의 결과로 도출된 인자들의 오차는 상당한 차이를 보였다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과로 도출된 유속-면적법의 인자 별 오차는 실험이 수행된 소하천 규모의 하천에서 도섭법으로 산정된 유량의 불확도를 평가할 경우에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present an integrated analysis for energy use and its patterns as vertical locations of the dwelling units in apartment buildings which are located in an urban area and constructed by a renowned contractor. In order to enhance the effectiveness of the method, the original data of electricity, water, and gas bills which directly reflect the energy use are sorted and analyzed into several groups as vertical locations in each building. And also, by use of comparing and contrasting the data on a monthly and yearly basis, the accuracy of analyses for seasonal energy use and its patterns is strengthened. Comparative analyses used in this study describe the results that vertical locations of dwelling units do not have much influence on electricity and water usage, but are closely related with gas usage for a heating season. According to the analysis of gas usage, the units on the ground and right above pilotis need enhancement in the insulations for heating to mitigate energy loss. Also, the analysis for the middle floor units in each group describe the fact that the gas usage of the units on the ground is consumes 1.5 times greater than that of the typical floors. Therefore, enhanced insulation strategies need to be considered against the adverse condition that the heat loss increases as the wall facing the outside air increases or as the wind velocity increases through the pilotis.

• 청정기술
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2023

To investigate the effects of Mg addition at different aging times and temperatures, Cu/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalysts were synthesized for the low-temperature water gas shift (LT-WGS) reaction. The co-precipitation method was employed to prepare the catalysts with a fixed Cu amount of 30 mol% and varied amounts of Mg/Al. Synthesized catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, and H₂-TPR analysis. Among the prepared catalysts, the highest CO conversion was achieved by the Cu/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalyst (30/40/30 mol%) with a 60 ℃ aging temperature and a 24 h aging time under a CO₂-rich feed gas. Due to it having the lowest reduction temperature and a good dispersion of CuO, the catalyst exhibited around 65% CO conversion with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 14,089 h-1 at 300 ℃. However, it has been noted that aging temperatures greater or less than 60 ℃ and aging times longer than 24 h had an adverse impact, resulting in a lower surface area and a higher reduction temperature bulk-CuO phase, leading to lower catalytic activity. The main findings of this study confirmed that one of the main factors determining catalytic activity is the ease of reducibility in the absence of bulk-like CuO species. Finally, the long-term test revealed that the catalytic activity and stability remained constant under a high concentration of CO₂ in the feed gas for 19 h with an average CO conversion of 61.83%.