• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.764-776
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• 2015

This study aims to identify the structure of the plant community, and the ecological succession sere and the change in the forest ecosystem in Jungdaesa-Birobong area, Odaesan National Park_(i._e., located at high altitudes(over 1,000m)). It seeks to offer the basic data for the planning of vegetation management. In order to verify the status of the forest vegetation between Jungdaesa-Birobong, seventeen plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up as research sites at high altitudes. Importance value, distribution by diameter at breast height(DBH), the growth volume and age of the sample trees, similarity index and species diversity index of each survey plot were analysed. According to the results of DCA(Detrended Correspondence Analysis), one of the multivariate statistical techniques. It was found that the plant communities were classified into five groups: community I_(Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis community), community II_(Q. mongolica-Deciduous broad-leaved community), community III_(Q. mongolica-Pinus koraiensis community), community IV_(Abies holophylla-Q. mongolica community) and community V_(A. holophylla-Deciduous broad-leaved community). Community I which is dominated by Quercus mongolica and Deciduous broad-leaved communities is located at an altitude of over 1,300 meters(ranging from 1,335m to 1,495m), the community IV and V which are dominated by Abies holophylla are located at an altitude of under 1,200 meters(ranging from 1,115m to 1,175m) and the community II and III which include the main species of Quercus mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla are located at an altitude of between 1,160 meters and 1,300 meters. The results showed that Quercus mongolica tends to have a higher importance value of woody species at a higher altitude while Abies holophylla tends to have higher importance value at a lower altitude. For the importance value woody species and -DBH class distribution, the communites I, II and III are expected to continuously maintain the present status. Whereas, for the influence of communities IV and V, Q. mongolica is predicted to be weakened. The age of sample trees was between 85 and 161; the average age was 123. The index of Shannon's Species diversity (H') showed heterogeneity was found among community I_(i._e., located at high altitude) and communities IV and V_(i._e., located at low altitude). As a results of analysing the index of Shannon's Species diversity (H': unit: $400m^2$), community III showed the highest diversity intex with 1.1109 followed by community II with 1.0475, community I with 1.0125, community IV with 0.9918 and community V with 0.8686. This study verified that the index of Shannon's species was significantly different by plant communities. For instance, when comparing the index of Shannon's species diversity in Quercus mongolica communities of this study and that of past relevant research, the value of index is very similar. However, the diversity index for the community which is dominated by Abies holophylla showed lower value when compared to the results from past relevant research.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.52-68
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to establish the management area using assessment of the conservation value on forest wetland, Sandeul wetland in Mt. Jaeyak, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The six assessment factors were selected through the review of previous researches and written evidences such as wetland vegetation, hydrological factor, soil factor, topographical factor, naturalness and risk. The assessment data were built on the basis of digital topographic maps, digital detailed soil maps, high resolution satellite images and field surveys of three times. According to the result of assessment of the conservation value and establishment the management area, the core area which has the highest conservation value was occupied by 1.9ha and the conservation area which conservation value is 2 grades was occupied by 33.7ha. The buffer area surrounded core area and conservation area was analyzed by 33.7ha. The transition area which conservation value is 4 grades showed by the widest area(151.2ha) and restoration area that is the ecological hazard area was occupied by 1.7ha. In conclusion, these results can provide methods and basic informations for conserving and managing wetlands because the management area was classified scientifically considering rational processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.38-59
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• 2008

This research has a meaning to provide basic data for eco-friendly way of district unit plans and ecological landscape planning by evaluation of biotope preservation value at the level of district unit and designating land development of the site, the whole area of Sinseo-dong (Dong-gu, Daegu metropolitan city) for research site. The summary of analysis result is as follows. As a result of classification of biotope types on the research site, it is divided into 11 biotope groups such as a residential biotope group and 51 specific biotope types which is subordinate to the groups. As a result of the first value assessment on classified biotope types, there are 16 types of natural rivers which is full of vegetation as a I class. Also it is analysed as 9 types of IIclass, 14 of IIIclass, 8 of IVclass, and 4 of Vclass. In particular, in light of a wildlife habitat, EB, in case of broad-leaved tree of mixed forest assessed as a II class, was classified into Iclass which is one-step upgraded as a final class with the analysis as there is a structural characteristic (more than 71% of low density, 50 years of age-class). As a result of second assessment, it is analysed that there are 17 special sites (1a,1b) and 33 special sites (2a, 2b, 2c) respectively for preservation of species and biotope. Particularly, in case of the No. 27 space, it was assessed that it has the value of about medium (IIIclass) level, but its value was upgraded with the on-spot detailed investigation that most of Aristolochia contorta, designated as a rare plant by Ministry of Environment, is growing. It is regarded that the above-mentioned research result on evaluation of biotope preservation value is expected to provide very important basic materials for future district unit plans and smooth integration with landscape ecology plans and eco-friendly space development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2002

This study quantified $CO_2$, SO$_2$and NO$_2$uptake by vegetation for the Namsan Nature Park in Seoul, and explored values for the park to contribute to atmospheric purification. Broad-leaved forest accounted for about 54% of total forest area, and tree-age structure was dominated by a young, growing tree population. Tree density and basal area averaged 17.5 trees/100$m^2$ and 2,580$\textrm{cm}^2$/100$m^2$, respectively. Atmospheric purification per unit area by forest type and age class was greater in older age classes, associated with changes in basal area, and tended to be greater in broad-leaved or mixed forest than in coniferous forest for the same age classes. Mean $CO_2$storage per unit area for all the forest types and age classes was 293.8 t/ha and economic value of the $CO_2$storage was ￦ 147millions/ha. Annual uptake averaged 24.6t/ha/yr for $CO_2$, 17.1 kg/ha/yr for SO$_2$and 43.9 kg/ha/yr for NO$_2$, and economic value of the annual uptake was ￦ 13millions/ha/yr. Total forest area stored 72,100 t of $CO_2$, and annually sequestered 6,040 t/yr of $CO_2$, 4,200 kg/yr of SO$_2$and 10,770 kg/yr of NO$_2$. Economic value of atmospheric purification for the entire area amounted to approximately ￦ 36,100millions for the $CO_2$storage, and ￦ 3,100millions/yr for the annual $CO_2$, SO$_2$ and NO$_2$uptake. The park played an important role through annually offsetting $CO_2$emissions from fossil fuel consumption by 1,100 persons, SO$_2$emissions by 2,800 persons, and NO$_2$ emissions by 1,160 persons. The results from this study are expected to be useful not merely in informing the public of atmospheric purification values of urban nature parks, but in urging the necessity for replanting and management budgets.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.679-690
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• 2008

The objectives of this study are to investigate and analyze the vegetation structure and population dynamics of Berchemia racemosa habitats in the Weolmyung park in Gunsan city, and base on that to seek the ecological habitat conservation plan for the Berchemia racemosa. In results, the Berchemia racemosa habitats are located at $81{\sim}93$ meters above the sea level, in steep seaside slope of a mountain. The soil texture are silt loam mainly and soil pH were $4.1{\sim}5$. The vascular plants in the Berchemia racemosa habitats has been analyzed as 61 taxa; 33 families, 51 genera, 54 species, 6 varieties, and 1 forms. Berchemia racemosa as a Specific plant species by floral region was the class V. Berchemia racemosa habitats were classified into 7 vegetation communities of Quercus serrata community(A1), Alnus firm a community(A2), Platycarya strobilacea community(A3), Robinia pseudoacacia community(A4) and 3 Pinus densiflora communities(B1, B2, B3). The importance value of Berchemia racemosa were 30%(A1), 15%(A2), 27%(A3), 65%(A4), 18%(B1), 45%(B2) and 35%(B3) on shrubs layer and 12, 27, 20, 18, 11, 18, 21 % on herb layer. The constant companion species with Berchemia racemosa were Stephanandra incisa and Ligustrum obtusifolium. Total 103 populations appear in the 7 Berchemia racemosa habitats. Their spatial distribution pattern were clumped for the most part. The average height was 133cm, the root color diameter was 4.4cm and the ramification branch number was 9.4. From the results of this study, it is suggested the continued monitoring and the active protection measures for the Berchemia racemosa habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.84-95
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• 2013

Recently, to prevent damage to the landscape, outstanding landscape areas have been designated in advance. In particular, as a fundamental way to evaluate landscape elements, landscape diversity is an important criterion to assess an area with a high conservative value. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a quantitative evaluation model of landscape diversity based on landscape elements and to verify the model by applying it to the study sites. The assessment indicators derived from the literature analysis are topography, vegetation, land-use pattern, and unusual landscape. Topography diversity is subdivided into land undulation and land-form. Vegetation diversity is subdivided into plant community diversity and stratification diversity. To quantitatively analyse each indicator's diversity, SHDI was selected as the central metric. All of the quantitative measures were implemented by using the statistical tool, FRAGSTATS. Through the process of each indicator's standardization and summary, the final landscape diversity index was calculated. The results of the study are significant as it was the initial study of landscape diversity evaluation to seek applicability. However, the results of the Landscape Diversity Evaluation Model in this study based on 4 indicators synthetically demonstrate that more than one or two outstanding indicators can be underrated. Therefore, each 4 assessment indicator results should be considered individually. Furthermore, using the maximum value for each indicator's standardization reflects that it is necessary to analyse various examples to obtain higher objectivity later.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.138-144
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• 1986

This trial was carried out to find out the methods of improvement of natural pasture by PK-fertilization and sheep grazing. The experimental area covered with the community of Carex ferruginea-dominated and located at the Bavarian Alps in the southern part of Germany. As measuring the changes of the vegetation, the Releve-method, the Point-Intercept-method and the Quadrat-Charting-method were applied. Changes in the ecological evidence of the vegetation were studied during the period from April 1980 to the end of growing season in 1983. 1. The fodder value at the oversown pasture we slightly increased by PK-fertilization with sheep grazing, byt that gradually decreased by grazing without fertilization. 2. The pasture quality at the secondary vegetation was greatly improved as well as that of the oversown pasture in Autumn of the second experimental year by sheep grazing with PK-fertilization, but the fodder value was not like that by grazing without fertilization at the natural pasture. 3. The influence of phosphorus/ potassium-fertilization was much more serious than that of sheep grazing. Sedges almost disappeared due to fertilization, on the other hand grasses and legumes increased distinctly. Sheep grazing without fertilization led to a gradual decrease of legumes. The enormous biomass difference in sedges between the June and October analyses was due to a lack of regenerative capacity. 4. The plant community of Carex ferruginea-dominated before the experiment was successived into Alchemillo-Cynosuretum by PK-fertilization with sheep grazing.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.767-786
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• 2011

This study analyzed and compared characteristic of vegetation structure in Bonghwa mountain, the base Mt. outside urban area, and Hakseoung neighborhood park, Ilsan neighborhood park and Musil neighborhood park, disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area of Wonju. Regarding vegetation of urban forest in Wonju, Quercus mongolica forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia forest were widely distributed in the base Mt. outside urban area. Quercus acutissima forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia forest were widely distributed in the disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. Forests in both areas were managed as part of forest management campaign. Analysis on importance value of a community classified by DCA and DBH class categorized communities into three groups according to the expected ecological succession. Community B was the one to be maintained as Pinus densiflora community. Community A, D and d were expected to be maintained as Quercus spp. Community. Community C, E, F, e, f and g were classified as exotic plant community. Ecological succession was suspended in both base Mt. outside urban area and disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. However, importance value of Quercus spp. which appeared in the understory layer and shrub layer and their DBH class showed that the potential for ecological succession of exotic plant community was higher in base Mt. outside urban area than disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. According to the analysis on number of species and individuals and species diversity, understory and shrub layer were reduced due to Forest Management campaign and plant species which appear at an earlier stage of succession varied as time went by since the campaign began. Species diversity comparison between natural and artificial forest showed no clear difference in both base Mt. outside urban area and disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area due to man-made disruption such as thinning and brush cutting. Six communities in base Mt. outside urban area had 17.76~52.22% of similarity index. Four communities in disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area showed 13.34~37.01% of similarity index, which was lower than base Mt. outside urban area. Among naturalized plants, Tupatorium rugosum and Phytolacca americana appeared more in disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2017

We conducted this study to investigate vegetation structure and soil conditions of six Viburnum erosum Thunb.(V. erosum) populations which showed high dominance. A total of 68 woody plants were observed to distribute: 13 in tree layer; 38 in subtree layer; and 48 in shrub layer. Based on the Mean Importance Value(MIV), the dominant tree species in the V. erosum populations were as follows in order of: Acer pseudosieboldianum(Pax) Kom., Callicarpa japonica Thunb., Indigofera kirilowii Maxim. ex Palib., Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Prunus sargentii Rehder, Quercus variabilis Blume, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. and Vaccinium oldhamii Miq. In paticular, the species observed in all of the study sites were Quercus serrata Murray and Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zucc. It was found that the presence of V. erosum was positively correlated with that of Albizia julibrissin Durazz. and Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa (Nakai) Ohwi, while negatively correlated with that of Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc. According to the result, means of species diversity(H'), maxim species diversity(H' max), evenness(J') and dominance(1-J') were measured at 0.887, 1.102, 0.803, and 0.196, respectively. The soil conditions properties of pH value, organic matter content, total nitrogen content, and the amount of available phosphorous indices in the study sites were 4.3, 10.6%, 0.34% and $0.68mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively. Meanwhile, the total amount of exchangeable cations of $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were $16.84cmol_c{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $6.41cmol_c{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, and $4.26cmol_c{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively. Overall, Viburnum erosum Thunb. populations tend to grow in the strongly acid soil, which has great abundance of soil organic matters, a lot of exchangeable cations, and has higher amount available phosphorous than that of nitrogen.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2005

The flora and vegetation of Jang-cheok wetland (Gyeong-nam) was investigated from April 1. 2004 to Feburary 28. 2005. The vegetation plants collected from this area were 18 taxa : 18 species 17 genera 14 families. Hygrophtes were 2 species 2 genera 2 families. Emergent plants were 6 species 5 genera 6 families. Submersed plants were 1 species 1 genera 1 families. Floating-leaved plants were 5 species 5 genera 5 families. Free-floating plants were 2 species 3 genera 2 families. Dominance of life form was investigated Trapa japonica, Phragmites commnis, Leersia japonica by 5 dominance values and Hydrocharis dubia, Ceratophyllum dmersum were 1 dominance values. The community was investigated 5 communities : Leersia japonica community. Trapa japonica community. Nelumbo nucifera community. Miscanthus sacchariflorus community. Phragmites communis community. Dominance species(Leersia japonica) of Leersia japonica community was investigated $1,89g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $1,730ind./m^{2}$(Density). Doninance species(Trapa japonica) of Trapa japonica community was investigated $36,25g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $15.20ind./m^{2}$(Density). Dominance species(Nelumbo nucifera) of Nelumbo nucifera community was investigated $30.59g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $11.20ind./m^{2}$(Density). Dominance species(Miscanthus sacchariflorus) of Miscanthus sacchariflorus community was investigated $180.50g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $124.80ind./m^{2}$(Density). Dominance species(Phragmites communis) of Phragmites communis community was investigated $159.50g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $60.00ind./m^{2}$(Density). The predominant species of this area was investigated Trapa. Japonica and the other communities was only small area in the waterside area.