• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2010

Korea's researchers have recently studied the prediction of forest change, but they have not considered landuse/cover change compared to distribution of forest vegetation. The purpose of our study is to predict forest vegetation based on landuse/cover change on the Korean Peninsula in the 2090's. The methods of this study were Multi-layer perceptrom neural network for Landuse/cover (water, urban, barren, wetland, grass, forest, agriculture) change and Multinomial Logit Model for distribution prediction for forest vegetation (Pinus densiflora, Quercus Spp., Alpine Plants, Evergreen Broad-Leaved Plants). The classification accuracy of landuse/cover change on the Korean Peninsula was 71.3%. Urban areas expanded with large cities as the central, but forest and agriculture area contracted by 6%. The distribution model of forest vegetation has 63.6% prediction accuracy. Pinus densiflora and evergreen broad-leaved plants increased but Quercus Spp. and alpine plants decreased from the model. Finally, the results of forest vegetation based on landuse/cover change increased Pinus densiflora to 38.9% and evergreen broad-leaved plants to 70% when it is compared to the current climate. But Quercus Spp. decreased 10.2% and alpine plants disappeared almost completely for most of the Korean Peninsula. These results were difficult to make a distinction between the increase of Pinus densiflora and the decrease of Quercus Spp. because of they both inhabit a similar environment on the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.167-179
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• 2023

The extent of change in the Land use/Land cover (LULC) of Okomu National Park (ONP) and fringe communities was evaluated. High resolution Landsat imagery was used to identify the major vegetation cover/land use systems and changes around the national park and fringe communities while field visits/ground truthing, involving the collection of coordinates of the locations was carried out to ascertain the various land cover/land use types identified on the images, and the extent of change over three-time series (2000, 2010 and 2020). The change detection was analyzed using area calculation, change detection by nature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The result of the classification and analysis of the LULC Change of ONP and fringe communities revealed an alarming rate of encroachment into the protected area. All the classification features analyzed had notable changes from 2000-2020. The forest, which was the dominant LULC feature in 2000, covering about 66.19% of the area reduced drastically to 36.12% in 2020. Agricultural land increased from 6.14% in 2000 to 34.06% in 2020 while vegetation (degraded land) increased from 27.18% in 2000 to 38.89% in 2020. The magnitude of the change in ONP and surroundings showed the forest lost -247.136 km² (50.01%) to other land cover classes with annual rate change of 10%, implying that 10% of forest land was lost annually in the area for 20 years. The NDVI classification values of 2020 indicate that the increase in medium (399.62 km² ) and secondary high (210.17 km² ) vegetation classes which drastically reduced the size of the high (38.07 km² ) vegetation class. Consequent disappearance of the high forests of Okomu is inevitable if this trend of exploitation is not checked. It is pertinent to explore other forest management strategies involving community participation.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.165-168
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• 2005

In this study, emissivity and land surface temperature (LST) were retrieved using the previously developed algorithms and Aqua/MODIS data. And sensitivity of estimated emissivity and LST to the predefined values, such as land cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NOVI) and spectral emissivity were investigated. The methods used for emissivity and LST were vegetation cover method (VCM) and four different split-window algorithms. The spectral emissivity retrieved by VCM was not sensitive to the NOVI error but more sensitive to the land cover error. The comparison of LST showed that the LST was systematically different without regard to the land cover and season. And the LST was very sensitive to the emissivity error excepting the Uliveri et al. This preliminary result indicates that more works are needed for the retrieval of reliable LST from satellite data.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.199-209
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• 2006

The Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC 200) project, as a most recent issue, is to provide for the year 2000 a harmonized land cover database over the whole globe. The classifications were performed according to continental or regional scales by corresponding organization using the data of VEGETATION sensor onboard the SPOT4 Satellite. Even if the global land cover classification for Asia provided by Chiba University showed a good accuracy in whole Asian area, some problems were detected in Korean region. Therefore, the construction of new land cover database over Korea is strongly required using more recent data set. The present study focuses on the development of a new upgraded land cover map at 1 km resolution over Korea considering the widely used K-means clustering, which is one of unsupervised classification technique using distance function for land surface pattern classification, and the principal components transformation. It is based on data sets from the Earth observing system SPOT4/VEGETATION. Newly classified land cover was compared with GLC 2000 for Korean peninsula to access how well classification performed using confusion matrix.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

The land-cover of two regions of South and North Korea included in one Landsat TM scene was investigated by comparing different seasons and different band data over the multiple land-cover types. The relationships between the intensities of two bands in the 2-D plot are mainly linear in band2 versus band1 and band3 versus band1, polygonal sporadic in band5 versus band1 and band7 versus band1, and almost tri-polarized in band4 versus band3. The 2-D plot of band4/band3 shows the best capability to discriminate different main land-cover such as water, vegetation and dry soil. Some discriminations are not clear between city and dry field, or mountain and plain field in the scene of September. The digital number data of band4 from vegetated zones show stronger reflectance in September rather than April, while other band values tend to be lager in April than in September over each land-cover. NDVI presents high value in both regions in September. However the image of Wonsan area in April suggests weak vigor of vegetation in comparison with Cholwon area. Band ratios are very effective in eliminating the influence of the complex topography. The proper pairing of the band ratio improved the discrimination capability of the land-cover; band5/band2 for dry soil, band4/band3 for vegetation and band1/band7 for the water. The RGB combination of the three band ratio pairs showed the best results in the discrimination of the land-cover of Wonsan, Cholwon and even the Demilitarized Zone.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.78-81
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• 2003

The present study illustrates a method for monitoring the urban vegetation around Shaoxing city, Monitoring spatiotemporal changes in urban areas will become increasingly important as the number and proportion of urban residents continues to increase. The synoptic view of urban land cover provided by satellite and airborne sensors is an important complement to in situ measurements of physical, environmental and socioeconomic variables in urban settings. The results obtained have revealed a notable change in the vegetation cover in and around the City premises. In this study, we discussed methodology for measurement of urban vegetation and vegetation distributions based on band ratioing in Shaoxing city using Land sat TM imageries. A systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation in urban areas is required to ensure a healthy sustainable environment.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제83권4호
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• pp.441-449
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• 1994

본 연구의 목적(目的)은 현재 한국에서 자료획득이 비교적 용이한 AVHRR 위성자료(衛星資料)를 이용하여, 한반도 전지역(全地域)을 대상으로 식물(植物)의 시기별(時期別) 변화유형(變化類型)을 분석하고, 이를 응용하여 주요식생(主要植生)의 분포를 구분하고자 한다. 1991년 1년동안 NOAA-11 위성에서 수신(受信)된 AVHRR 자료중 비교적 운량(雲量)이 적은 날을 택하여 총 27일분의 일별영상자료(日別映像資料)를 추출하였다. 일별영상자료는 먼저 광학적(光學的) 보정(補正)을 마친 후, 적색(赤色)파장대 및 근적외선(近赤外線)파장대에서의 반사특성(反射特性)을 조합한 식생지수(植生指數)(NDVI-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)로 변환되었다. 구름으로 덮혀있는 지역의 식생지수는 식물이 존재하는 지역보다 상대적으로 낮은 값을 나타내므로, 구름제거를 위하여 4-5개의 일별식생지수자료(日別植生指數資料)를 중첩한 뒤 각 화소(畵素)지점의 식생지수중 최대치를 선택함으로써 구름의 영향이 최소화된 월별식생지수자료(月別植生指數資料)가 산출되었다. 월별식생지수자료는 식물 생장의 연중변화(年中變化)를 비교 분석하기에 용이하도록 비생장기간(非生長期間)까지 포함하여 2월, 3월, 5월, 8월, 9월, 그리고 11월까지 6개가 산출되었다. 식생별로 상이(相異)한 계절별 잎의 발달상태에 따라, 6개의 월별식생지수자료(月別植生指數資料)에 나타나는 식생지수의 변화특성을 이용하여 식생분류(植生分類)를 실시하였다. 사용된 자료의 광학적 해상력(解像力)을 고려하여 분류집단은 침엽수림, 활엽수림, 침활혼효림, 농지, 초지관목림, 그리고 도시지역으로 구분하였다. 컴퓨터분류방식은 식생지수(植生指數)의 변화유형이 비슷한 집단끼리 스스로 규합(糾合)되게 하는 무감독류집분류법(無監督類集分類法)(unsupervised clustering)을 채택하였다. 컴퓨터분류 결과를 기존의 산림자원조사자료(山林資源調査資料)와 비교한 결과 상당히 근접한 통계치를 보여주었고, 산림지역내(內)에서도 침엽수림, 활엽수림, 혼효림의 구분 또한 만족할만한 결과를 나타내고 있다. 넓은 지역을 대상으로 필요한 영상자료(映像資料)를 비교적 신속하고 용이하게 수신(受信)할 수 있고, 타(他) 위성자료에 비교하여 자료의 양이나 가격 측면에서 유리한 AVHRR자료는 한반도 규모에 상응하는 넓은 지역의 식생현황을 주기적으로 모니터링하기에 적합한 위성자료로 판단된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2021

This study was carried out to introduce the forest cover types of the Baekdudaegan inhabiting the number of native tree species. In order to understand the vegetation distribution characteristics of the Baekdudaegan, a vegetation survey was conducted on the major 20 mountains of the Baekdudaegan. The vegetation data were collected from 3,959 sample points by the point-centered quarter method. Each mountain was classified into 4-7 forests by using various multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, and species composition analysis. The forests were classified mainly according to the relative abundance of Quercus mongolica. There was a total of 111 classified forests and these forests were integrated into the following nine forest cover types using the percentage similarity index and by clustering according to vegetation type: 1) Mongolian oak, 2) Mongolian oak and other deciduous, 3) Oaks (Mixed Quercus spp.), 4) Korean red pine, 5) Korean red pine and oaks, 6) ash, 7) mixed mesophytic, 8) subalpine zone coniferous, and 9) miscellaneous forest. Forests grouped within the subalpine zone coniferous and miscellaneous classifications were characterized by similar environmental conditions and those forests that did not fit in any other category, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제104권3호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2015

본 연구는 훼손지에 적용된 국립공원 특별보호구 제도가 탐방로의 토양과 식생에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위해 실시되었다. 북한산 국립공원 내 일반 탐방로(개방 탐방로)와 특별보호구로 지정되어 16년 동안 출입이 금지된 탐방로(폐쇄 탐방로)의 토양의 용적밀도, 수분, 총 질소, pH, 유기물 함량을 측정하고, 지면피도를 조사하여 개방 탐방로와 폐쇄탐방로의 토양 및 식생상태를 비교분석하였다. 일반 탐방로의 토양은 탐방로 주변 식생지대의 토양에 비하여 용적밀도가 증가하고 수분과 총 질소, 유기물 함량이 감소하여 훼손을 확인하였으나, 폐쇄 탐방로의 경우, 토양의 용적밀도, 수분, 총 질소, pH, 유기물 함량이 주변 식생지대와 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않아 탐방로 폐쇄로 인한 생태적 회복을 확인하였다. 지면피도의 경우, 일반 탐방로에서 지면식생과 낙엽의 피도가 낮고 나지와 암석의 피도가 높아 훼손을 확인하였으나, 폐쇄 탐방로에서는 낙엽 암석 나지 피도가 회복되었고, 식생피도는 산림 환경피해도 등급을 적용하였을 때 제한적인 회복이 이루어진 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 통하여 특별보호구 지정을 통해 훼손지의 회복이 가능하나, 토양이 식생에 비하여 더 빠르게 회복됨을 알 수 있었다. 훼손지의 특별보호구 지정은 대상지의 회복특성에 대한 과학적 근거를 기반으로 판단할 필요가 있으며, 특별보호구 제도의 효과성을 높이기 위해 대상지의 생태적 사회적 가치와 중요성을 고려한 세분화된 특별보호구 선정 및 관리 기준이 필요하다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2017

NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) plays an important role in surface land cover classification and LST (Land Surface Temperature Extraction). Its characteristics do not full carry the information of the surface cover typically in urban areas even though it is widely used in analyses in urban areas as well as in vegetation. However, abnormal NDVI values are frequently found in urban areas. We, therefore, examined NDVI values on whether NDVI is appropriate for LST and whether there are considerations in NDVI analysis typically in urban areas because NDVI is strongly related to the surface emissivity calculation. For the study, we observed the influence of the surface settings (i.e., geometric shape and color) on NDVI values in urban area and transition features between three land cover types, vegetation, urban materials, and water. Interestingly, there were many abnormal NDVI values systematically derived by the surface settings and they might influence on NDVI and eventually LST. Also, there were distinguishable transitions based on the mixture of three surface materials. A transition scenario was described that there are three transition types of mixture (urban material-vegetation, urban material-water, and vegetation-water) based on the relationship of NDVI and LST even though they are widely distributed.