• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.194-207
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• 2009

The study is to suggest a management method for improvement of natural and cultural landscape of Hwayang valley which is degraded in Songnisan National Park. It was carried out to study original shape of landscape of it and analyse nine major properties of Hoayang Gugok, based on old literatures. The landscape of Gugok was composed of rocks and small ponds, Pinus densiflora community and most of them were degraded by the situation of covered rocks by growth of vegetation, destructed small ponds by sedimented sands and degradation of natural landscape by artificial forest. Vegetation landscape of artificial forest composed of Populus tomentiglandulosa, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Pinus koraiensis in periphery of the valley was not matched with natural landscape. The goal of landscape management was established to conserve natural and cultural landscape in Joseon Dynasty. For this, It was needed to protect landscape values of gugok through the management of vegetation and visitors. In addition, it was required to provide opportunity to easily access to the landscape of Gugok. As a management method of vegetation, it was suggested to maintain P. densiflora community and to restore artificial forest to natural forest through the density management.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 1990

The vegetation of Pyeongil island was ecologically investigated four times from July, 1979 to May, 1981. The vegetation of this island consisted of 80 families, 172 genera, 173 species, 21 varieties and 4 forma. Evergreen, broad-leaved trees comprised a total of 11 species including Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai. The distribution of evergreen, broad-leaved trees was very spares in this island as a whole. It may also be considered that evergreen, broad-leaved trees, such as Camellia japonica Linne (30cm-35cm in diameter at breast height), Pittosporum fobira Aiton, Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai which might have been dominant species on this island, have undergone artificial succession caused by the planting of Pinus thunbergii Parl. dominant species of today. This was due to human interferences for fuel, building, grazing and farmland use. Especially, the vegetation of this island seems to have been severely destroyed by high population density, farming rate and by rapid increase in the area of cultivated land. However, the forest of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore at Wolsong-ri is worthy of conservation. The five species of seaside plants (Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai, Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex laticeps Clarke, Calystergia soldanella Reom. et Schult. and Phelloterus littoradis) were distributed in the vicinity of sand beaches leading to Wolsong-ri, Dongbaeg-ri and Sadong-ri.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.158-162
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• 1974

Some ecological attributes of perennial plants and Pb contamination were analyzed for study plots near an entrance of Nevade Test Site at Mercury Valley, Nye County, Nevada. The surface of the desert pavement soil was composed of stones (1 to 4cm diameter). The underside of each stone was coated with coarse and fine sand (about 90%). The profiles of soil were constituted with the A-horizon and C-horizon only. The soil pH at the plots ranges from 7.6 to 8.5, C/N was 13 and cation exchange capacity showed 15me/100g. Nine species and 42 number of individuals were found in all plots. Franseria dumosa and Larrea divaricata were dominant species. The discrete clumps of vegetation were consisted of 9 species of common perennials and these were covered about 25% on desert pavement, on the other words, bare area without vegetation was about 75%. The size and spacing of the plants was irregular. Community coefficient as comparison between shrub species in these study area and those in near the low elevation desert indicated a low degree of similarity. Density, cover and productivity in the study plots as compared with those in the nearest study areas in Mercury Valley showed a higher value. The soils in the studied area involved high heavy metal contents in the plant tissue was higher than those of its soil. The leavds of Lycium andersonii tended to accumulate more Zn and Mo than those of the other species. Larrea divaricata leaves accumulated very high leaves of Fe and Ephedra nevadensis were generally high in Mn. Lead contamination was apparent in foliage of desert vegetation collected alongside the roadway, reflecting the variation in traffic volume. Lead contents greater than fifteen-fold of normal (low traffic) were found in plant foliage alongside the heavily traveled roadway. Lead content of old foliage by the heavily traveled roadway was as much as 129 ppm but that of new foliage 17 ppm only.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 1998

Altitudinal changes in the vegetation of Sunginbong(984m) in UIlungdo (Island) were investigated by sample plots(forty l00$\m^2$) along elevation and analyzed by TWINSPAN and DCA techniques. In the results from the analysis of both techniques, altitudinal zonations were divided into 3 groups such as lower 300m area, 400~700m area, and above 800m area. DCA and similarity index analyses of elevational ranges showed discontinuities between lower and middle elevation areas. But there was a vegetation continuum between middle and high elevation areas. In the analysis of species diversity, there was no significant difference due to altitude except for maximum species diversity which was decreased with altitude. The mean tree density of canopy and understory layers in the middle elevation area showed the highest value, and the highest basal area was recorded at the lower elevation area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.453-460
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• 2020

Bolboschoenus planiculmis is an important prey species for winter migratory birds in the Nakdong River Estuary region, but its population has declined in the last decade due to a physio-chemical shift. To identify the growth and development characteristics of B. planiculmis, we carried out an experimental survey on the aboveground and belowground sections of B. planiculmis specimens in the Eulsuk tidal flat from April to September 2019. We divided the belowground area into two groups: a vegetation group in which B. planiculmis exists and a non-vegetation group in which B. planiculmis does not exist and measured the rate of tubers. We observed a 45% appearance frequency in the vegetation group and only a 5% frequency in the non-vegetation group, indicating that there were no supplies for plant growth. The mean density, length, and biomass of B. planiculmis aboveground were 166.90±149.62 n m^-2, 44.39±5.45 cm, and 67.63±54.46 g DW m^-2, respectively, which was approximately half of those obtained from the study in the Eulsuk tidal flat in 2002. Tuber number was the highest in the 15~25 cm deep layer(41.50%). The mean number of total tubers belowground was related to different sediment conditions(FS: flat surface, DS: disturbed surface) 251.75±16.86 n pot^-1 for FS and 171.00±25.18 n pot^-1 for DS, which was significantly different(total tubers: p<0.005). The mean biomass of B. planiculmis above-ground was 21.11±1.60 g DW pot^-1 for FS and 15.41±1.38 g DW pot^-1 for DS, which was significantly different(p<0.05). This research provides primary materials for the restoration of the Nakdong River Estuary, wintering sites for migratory birds, and protection of B. planiculmis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.37-45
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• 2021

Flooding damage may occur due to an unexpected increase in rainfall in summer. Previously, the roughness coefficient, which is a major factor of conveyance, was calculated through on-site measurement, but in case of on-site measurement, there are many limits in accurately grasping changes in vegetation. In this study, the vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated using the Sentinel-2 optical images, and the modified roughness coefficient was calculated through the density and distribution area of the vegetation. Then the calculated roughness coefficient was applied to HEC-RAS 1D model and verified by comparing the results with the water level at the water level station directly downstream of the Soyang River dam. As a result, the error rate of the water level decreased about 14% compared to applying the previous roughness coefficient. Through this, it is expected that it will be possible to refine the flood level of rivers in consideration of seasonal flood characteristics and to efficiently maintain rivers in specific sections.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2021

This study aims to provide basic data for the systematic conservation and efficient management of forest ecosystems by analyzing changes in understory vegetation of temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests. One-hectare permanent survey plot, consisting of 100 subplots sized 10 × 10 meters, was installed in Gwangneung forest in Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do in 2003. The state of stands and the understory vegetation in the permanent survey plot were examined at a 5-year interval from 2003 to 2018. The vascular plants found in the survey area were 56 families, 128 genera, 176 species, 18 variants, 4 varieties, and 1 subspecies, for a total of 199 taxa. The number of species in both the shrub layer and the herbaceous layer showed a tendency to decrease with time. The MRPP-tests showed a significantly differing species composition of the shrub layer in all years except 2008-2013, whereas significant differences were found in all years concerning the herbaceous layer. As for the average importance value, Euonymus oxyphyllus (18.23%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (16.48%), and Callicarpa japonica (13.85%) were dominant in the shrub layer, while Ainsliaea acerifolia (23.41%), Disporum smilacinum (9.45%), and Oplismenus undulatifolius (5.62%) were dominant in the herbaceous layer. In the shrub layer, the richness of Smilax china, Lonicera subsessilis, and Philadelphus schrenkii was high when the basal area and the stand density of an upper layer were high. By contrast, smaller basal area and stand density were associated with the richness of Acer pseudosieboldianum, Deutzia glabrata, Morus bombycis, and Cornus kousa. Furthermore, it was found out that the impact of the basal area and the stand density on the herbaceous layer decreased over time, while the herb layer's species composition was greatly affected by cover degrees of Euonymus oxyphyllus and Acer pseudosieboldianum in the shrub layer. In conclusion, the number of species in the understory vegetation in Gwangneung forest is continuously decreasing, thus implying that species diversity, basal area, and stand density of an upper layer can influence the species composition in understory vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

We analyzed the distribution area of debris slopes in Mudeungsan (Mt. Mudeung) National Park by comparing aerial photos of the past (1966) and the present (2017) and identified the vegetation characteristics that affect the change in the area of the debris slopes by investigating the vegetation status of the debris slopes and the surrounding areas. The area of debris slopes in Mt. Mudeung appears to have been reduced to a quarter of what it used to be. Debris slopes here have decreased at an average rate of 2.3 ha/yr over 51 years by vegetation covers. Notably, most of the small-area debris slopes in the low-inclination slopes disappeared due to active vegetation coverage. However, there are still west-facing, south-west-facing, south-facing, and large-area debris slopes remaining because the sun's radiant heat rapidly raises the surface temperature of rock blocks and dries moisture, making tree growth unfavorable. Because of these locational characteristics, the small-scale vegetation in the middle of Deoksan Stony Slope, which is the broadest area, showed distinct characteristics from the adjacent forest areas. Sunny places and tree species with excellent drying resistance were observed frequently in Deoksan Stony Slope. However, tree species with high hygropreference that grow well in valleys with good soil conditions also prevailed. In some of these places, the soil layer has been well developed due to the accumulation of fine materials and organic matter between the crevices of the rock blocks, which is likely to have provided favorable conditions for such tree species to settle and grow. At the top of Mt. Mudeung, on the other hand, the forest covered the debris slopes, where Mongolian oaks (Quercus mongolica) and royal azaleas (Rhododendron schlippenbachii), which typically grow in the highlands, prevailed. This area was considered favorable for the development of vegetation for the highlands because the density of rock blocks was lower than in Deoksan Stony Slope, and the soil was exposed. Moreover, ash trees (Fraxinus rhynchophylla) and Korean maple trees (Acer pseudosieboldianum) that commonly appear in the valley areas were dominant here. It is probably due to the increased moisture content in the soil, which resulted from creating a depressive landform with a concave shape that is easy to collect rainwater as rock blocks in some areas fell and piled up in the lower region. In conclusion, the area, density of the rock blocks, and distribution pattern of rock block slopes would have affected the vegetation development and species composition in the debris slope landform.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.342-356
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• 2014

This study aims to provide the fundamental data for restoration through the analysis of vegetation structure characteristic for managed area with deforest and fumigation among the places damaged by oak wilt disease in Bukhansan National Park. Study areas were selected in six damaged areas with 18 plots ($20m{\times}20m$) including comparing plots between year 2006 and year 2011 after preliminary study finding the exact location with easy access. Analysis items are density and coverage of under story layer, Importance Percentage of under story layer and Importance Percentage of urban adapted species and alien species. As a result, density and coverage under the canopy layer's vegetation was higher than comparing plot in Musugol valley and Soquicheon valley which 4 years and more passed. And Wondobong, Darakwon, Doseonsa and Dobong valley which had not been passed 3 years after deforestation and fumigation decreased in those of vegetation. However, the plots in Wondobong and Doseonsa was analyzed to be higher in density of shrubs than comparing plot. In terms of distirbution of species in under canopy layer which is grown as a upper vegetation, Quercus serrata and Sorbus alnifolia dominated each other in under canopy layer except for Wondobong and Darakwon. Wondobong continuously maintained Quercus mongolica and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora dominated in under canopy layer of Darakwon. S. alnifolia which is Urban adapted species were distributed in most study areas. In terms of alien species, Magnolia obovata and Robinia pseudoacacia were newly intruded in the opened crown, and Pueraria thunbergiana was distributed in Soquicheon valley. As the result of soil analysis, acidification(pH 4.49) and low level of organic matter(3.23%), available phosphate(1.40mg/kg) and exchangeable cation were analyzed and it was considered that those environment poorly support the vegetation growth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.