• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.464-472
• /
• 2006

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest a basic management data of the forest in the Kumsaenggol area of Wolchulsan National Park, thirty plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided into the four groups of Quercus variabilis(I), Q. acutissima(II), Pinus densiflora(III) and P. densiflora-Q. acutissima(IV). From the results of the above, it could be determined that communities I and II were in a developmental stage of the ecological succession, in which the Quercus app. community progressed from Pinus densiflora. Additionally, communities III and IV are also in a developmental stage and will be expected to show competition regarding Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.113-123
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to find out appropriate rates of seed mixture of both native and foreign plants in order for stabilization of early afforestation and proper vegetation on road slope. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Characteristics of germination : After seeding, 2 weeks for both Lespedeza bicolor and Lespedeza cuneata, and 4 weeks for both Arundinella hirta and Zoysia japonica were needed for vigorous germination, and 1-4 wee17s for 3 cool-season grasses were spent for gradual germination. 2. Plant height : There was no difference between Lespedeza cuneata and Lespedeza bicolor in plant height by 7 treatments. As mixture rates of cool-season grasses were lowered, plant height of Arundinella hirta became longer. Descending order of co81-season grasses for plant height was Tall fescue, Perennial ryegrass and Creeping redfescue. 3. Number of tillers : The number of tillers tended to increase in the experimental plots where competition was low. 4 Ground cover rate : Ground cover rate was the highest in Mixture IV (96.7%) and was fluctuated from 13.3% on Sept. 13 to 45% on Nev. 3 in Mixture III. Descending order of gronud cover rates in 7 treaments was Mixture IV, Mixture III. Mixture II, Mixture Ⅶ, Mixture V, Mixture Ⅵ, Mixture I, and Mixtur III when measured on Oct. 13 5. Visual assessment: High preferences were observed on Mixture IV and Ⅶ In sun the best seed mixtures were Mixture IV and Ⅶ. It meant that (1) either mixture of 70% the native plants with 30% cool-season graaes or (2) mixture of 80% the native plants with 20% cool-season glasses was best for this study.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2023

In this study, we aimed to quantify the population size and spatial distribution of three predatory Scarites species in coastal sand dunes. In June and August 2014, 252 pitfall traps were utilized to conduct a trapping web analysis at three distinct sites with varying vegetation dominance values. Scarites sulcatus had the largest estimated population in a 10 m² area with a habitat density of 36.6 in a Vitex rotundifolia community area (site B) in the June survey. In contrast, Scarites aterrimus had the largest population size with a habitat density of 2.9 in a Calystegia soldanella community area (site A) in the August survey. Spatial distribution analysis revealed that S. sulcatus dominated the Vitex rotundifolia community without preference for a particular site, whereas S. aterrimus and Scarites terricola pacificus were primarily observed on the beach. The results indicated that the three Scarites species in the Sohwang coastal sand dune region exhibited differences in their spatial and temporal distributions in the coastal dune ecosystem in order to avoid competition and predation. In conclusion, our findings can be utilized to estimate the population density of the genus Scarites on the Korean Peninsula. The outcomes of this study will contribute to estimating insect population densities on the Korean Peninsula and developing investigative assessment methodologies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2022

The Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin has traditionally been a pine tree protection area (prohibited forest) for timber production purposes, and is now designated and managed as a protected area for forest genetic resource conservation by the Korea Forest Service. This study, we analyzed topographical characteristics, existing vegetation, tree age, and plant community structure, and proposed a sustainable management method for the Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin for timber havesting purposes. The topographical characteristics of the target area were 36.7% ridges and 38.7% valleys; the ratio of ridges to valleys was similar, and the slopes formed 24.7% of the total area. The types of pine forest communities are divided into six types based on the progress of pine forest renewal, the competition with other species such as deciduous broadleaf trees, and the formation of layered structures. It has been confirmed that the age of the large-diameter pine trees (40~60cm in diameter) is approximately 60~70 years, which is relatively low. As a result of the analysis of the relative importance percentage and layered structure, differences depended on the progress of the pine forest renewal project, and not only the maintenance of the pine forest, but also the creation of a secondary growth forest, the density adjustment of pine trees, and the active management of competitive trees. The average basal area by the community was 12,642.1~25,424.4cm² for the tree layer and 1.8~1,956.5cm² for the low tree layer based on a quadrat of 400m². The difference in the basal area appeared to depend on the size and number of trees forming the tree layer and the degree of pine forest renewal (the degree of time elapsed after thinning pine trees). The average number of species that appeared in each community was 8.7-20.3; there were many species located in valleys, and the type competes with deciduous broadleaf trees due to the lack of management. The diversity of species ranged from 0.6915-1.0942, and was evaluated as low compared to pine communities in central temperate zones. In this paper, we determined the management goals of Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin to produce timber with high economic value, and suggested efficient vegetation management for continuous afforestation, the establishment of a timber production system, and improvement of wood production as a management direction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the fertilizer sources and ground cover mulches on nutrient release, growth, and photosynthesis in small one-year-old apple (Malus ${\times}$ domestica Borkh.) trees in controlled conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Treatments included no fertilizer (NF), commercial organic fertilizer (CF), and poultry litter (PL) for fertilizer treatments, and wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), green compost (GC), and grass clippings (GR) for cover mulch treatments. All treatments were applied proportionally based on the volume ratio equivalent to the soil. CF, PL, and GR treatments that had optimum carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratios (less than 30:1) for N mineralization through the microbes released the greatest $NH_4^+$ concentrations in the pot media at 90 days after the treatments, but GC mulch with the optimum C:N ratio did not. CF-, PL- and GR-treated plants had the largest leaf area, thickest stem diameter, longest shoot extension, and greater dry matter production. CONCLUSION(s): CF and PL showed an suitable organic nutrient source for improving plant growth in an orchard. Interestingly, GR also could be a nutrient source for tree growth, if vegetation competition is controlled by maintaining vegetation height and recycling enough grass clippings to the soil in an orchard.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.87 no.3
• /
• pp.445-458
• /
• 1998

The present study focused on the vegetation structure and dynamics of Betula davurica forest were to provide the information for management, distribution and utilization of B. davurica forest in Mt. Chiri national park, southern Korea. The layer structure of B. davurica forest were consist of tree layer(18 species), middle layer(29 species), shrub layer(43 species) and herb layer(68 species). According to the importance value of stratification of layers, In tree layer, B. davurica dominant the highest value of 123.97%, Alnus hirsuta 49.04., Castanea crenata 25.58%, Quercus serrata 25.02%, Stewartia koreana 14.49%, in middle layer were B. davurica 70.81%, Q. serrata 37.74%, Fraxinus rhynchophylla 25.35% Lindera erythrocarpa 24.52%, S. koreana 18.86%, shrub layer were Sasa borealis 28.28%, L. erythrocarpa 24.94%, Rhus trichocarpa, 20.42%, Stephanandra incisa 19.90% and herb layer Schizandra chinensis 18.51%, Aster scaber 12.26%. Disporum smilacinum 10.63% etc, respectively. Results of chi-square test statistics based on presence-absence parameters, the positively associated species pair were Quercus variablis - Q. acutissima, Stewartia koreana - Symplocos paniculata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - Quercus mongolica. And covariation was calculated based on quantitative measure of density. The results showed that the association and covariation values among species not agreed with each other. The frequency distribution of DBH Betula davurica species showed reverse J-shaped, therefore it's seems to retrain as a dominant species. When predicting succession in Betula davurica forest, it is seedling and saplings were not richness, succession was governed by competition of hardwood species of subtree and tree layer.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to provide basic information for conservation and restoration through investigation of vegetation and soil condition of Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi, Korean endemic species, in Mt. Halla, Jeju Island. Very few individuals were discontinuously distributed and restricted at 1,075 m above sea level, very steep slope ($60-70^{\circ}C$), rocky area of north face of Eorimok Valley. For investigation of environmental condition, we established two $10\;{\times}\;10\;m$ quadrats in the habitats and one control quadrat. Twenty-four species were found at site 1 under 10-12 m Carpinus laxiflora tree layer (35%) and soil conditions are pH 5.9, moisture content (field capacity) 9.39%, organic carbon 8.22% and organic matter 14.17%, respectively. Site2, 15 taxa were found under 8-12 m Platycarya strobilacea tree layer (40%) and soil conditions are pH 5.07, moisture content 4.99%, organic carbon 5.34% and 9.21 percentage of organic matter. In the control quadrat, 14 taxa were found under 10 m Carpinus laxiflora tree layer (10%) and soil conditions are pH 5.27, moisture content 6.23%, organic carbon 4.74% and organic matter 8.17%, respectively. The principal causes of threat which were investigated in this study are competition among company, very steep slopes, artificial management of valley. For restoration and conservation of habitats, it is needed to suitable plans.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.108 no.2
• /
• pp.189-199
• /
• 2019

The forest management paradigm has recently shifted from focusing on commercial production to focusing on ecosystem management. Accordingly, a natural seedling regeneration method that has a naturally high affinity has attracted much attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among various environmental factors, lower stratum vegetation, and seedling regeneration in Pinus densiflora forests. The survey site comprised 50 sectors divided using the line transect method, and the survey data were divided into those from wet habitat (19 sites) and dry habitat (31 sites), depending on the soil humidity, and were analyzed separately to show the close relationship between soil humidity and natural seedling regeneration. As a result, the dry habitat exhibited high seedling density (157,419 trees/ha), with the main species being Quercus serrata, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Smilax china, and Pueraria lobata, while wet habitat exhibited low seedling density (57,895 trees/ha), with the main species being Stephanandra incisa, Castanea crenata, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lysimachia barystachys, Aralia elata, and Styrax japonicus. The height and root-collar diameter under wet conditions exhibited faster growth than those under dry conditions. Height growth by the root-collar diameter in dry habitat increased faster than that in wet habitat. It was also confirmed that seedling regeneration in wet habitat exhibited a rapid growth pattern 5 years after germination. These results suggest that the seedlings begin to grow more rapidly after a period of suppression by competition with surrounding plants. Considering an ecosystem or ecological management approach, specific practices, such as bush control and vine clearing in wet habitats, should be more intensively conducted, especially at the beginning of the management operations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.112 no.4
• /
• pp.405-416
• /
• 2023

In this study, the sustainability of Abies nephrolepis in the presence of Tripterygium regelii was analyzed. To accomplish this, a field survey of140 stands was conducted. Based on the presence or absence of T. regelii, as well as the layer in which it was present (where appropriate), the type of T. regelii presence wasclassified as follows: TP type, indicating the presence of T. regelii in the tree and sub-tree layers; SP type, indicating its presence in the shrub layer; and A type, indicatingits absence from all layers. The indicator species analysis revealed T. regelii to be an indicator species of the TP type and SP type. The MRPP test was used to examine the differences among the types. Moreover, the seedling and DBH class analysis indicated there to be a difficulty in terms of the status competition, as the number of young trees generated by A. nephrolepis was the lowest in the TP type. The findings of this study enhanced our understanding of the vegetation structure of A. nephrolepis, thereby contributing to efforts concerningits conservation and management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.83 no.1
• /
• pp.50-62
• /
• 1994

This study is performed to consider the fitness of natural regenerating method and tending methods used now by surveying the stand structure and regenerating states of the 9 natural regenerated Pinus densiflora stands in Kangwon province. As a special consideration, it deals with the tending methods on the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and broad-leaved tree(Quercus mongolica) under competition. By the consideration on the number of trees, growing capacity and stand structures of Pinus densiflora stands, it reveals that Pinus densiflora is in the inferior in numbers at the competition to the broad-leaved species, and it could not occupy the stands as the dominant species if the stands were not tended. It is estimated that natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora stands by the clearcutting or seed tree system could not achieved due to the abundance of ground vegetation. Short-term shelter-wood system or strip stand method may be proposed as a successful method of natural regeneration. As the visible tending method for seedlings, the method which apply the mixed forest in group of Pinus densflora and Quercus mongolica different by the growing capacity and distribution characteristics is better thaw the one which tend the Pinus densiflora only.