• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1390-1411
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• 2024

Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks (UWSNs) are deployed in remotely monitored environment such as water level monitoring, ocean current identification, oil detection, habitat monitoring and numerous military applications. Providing scalable and efficient routing is very challenging in UWSNs due to the harsh underwater environment. The biggest difficulties are the nodes inherent movement due to water current, long delay in data transmission, low bandwidth of the acoustic signal, high error rate and energy scarcity in battery powered nodes. Many routing protocols have been proposed to solve the aforementioned problems. There are three broad categories of routing protocols namely depth based, energy based and vector-based routing. Vector Based Forwarding protocols perform routing through virtual pipeline by defining their radius which give proper direction to packets communication. We proposed a routing protocol termed as Path-Oriented Energy Scaled Expanded Vector Based Forwarding (PESEVBF). PESEVBF takes into account all parameters; holding time, the source nodes packets routing path and void holes creation on the second hop; PESEVBF not only considers the packet upward advancement but also focus on density of the forwarded nodes in terms of number of potential forwarding and suppressed nodes for path selection. Node selection in resultant holding time is based on minimum Path Factor (PF) value. Moreover, the suppressed node will be selected for packet forwarding to avoid the void holes occurrences on the second hop. Performance of PESEVBF is compared with other routing protocols using matrices such as energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, packets dropping ratio and duplicate packets creation indicating considerable performance improvement.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.2658-2681
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• 2023

In edge computing scenarios, IoT end devices play a crucial role in relaying and forwarding data to significantly improve IoT network performance. However, traditional routing mechanisms are not applicable to this scenario due to differences in network size and environment. Therefore, it becomes crucial to establish an effective and reliable data transmission path to ensure secure communication between devices. In this paper, we propose a trusted path selection strategy that comprehensively considers multiple attributes, such as link stability and edge cooperation, and selects a stable and secure data transmission path based on the link life cycle, energy level, trust level, and authentication status. In addition, we propose the Stability-based On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (STAOMDV) protocol based on the Ad hoc AOMDV protocol. The STAOMDV protocol implements the collection and updating of link stability attributes during the route discovery and maintenance process. By integrating the STAOMDV protocol with the proposed path selection strategy, a dependable and efficient routing mechanism is established for IoT networks in edge computing scenarios. Simulation results validate that the proposed STAOMDV model achieves a balance in network energy consumption and extends the overall network lifespan.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.674-683
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• 2021

A trust-aware secure routing protocol (TSRP) for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper to defend against varieties of attacks. First, each node calculates the comprehensive trust values of its neighbors based on direct trust value, indirect trust value, volatilization factor, and residual energy to defend against black hole, selective forwarding, wormhole, hello flood, and sinkhole attacks. Second, any source node that needs to send data forwards a routing request packet to its neighbors in multi-path mode, and this continues until the sink at the end is reached. Finally, the sink finds the optimal path based on the path's comprehensive trust values, transmission distance, and hop count by analyzing the received packets. Simulation results show that TSRP has lower network latency, smaller packet loss rate, and lower average network energy consumption than ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing and trust based secure routing protocol.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제11C권7호
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• pp.889-894
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• 2004

AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)나 DSR(Dynamic Source Routing)과 같은 대부분의 에드혹 라우팅 프로토콜은 네트워크 토폴로지가 변하지 않는 한 새로운 경로 설정을 하지 않는다. 따라서 노드의 이동성이 적은 경우, 트래픽은 몇몇 노드에게 집중될 수 있으며 그 결과로 해당 노드들의 혼잡으로 인한 긴 종단간 지연이 발생할 수 있다. 게다가 몇몇 특정 노드들만 오랫동안 계속해서 사용됨에 따라 그들의 배터리가 빠르게 소모될 것이다. 노드의 배터리 방전은 노드 사이의 연결 단절뿐만 아니라 동시에 새로운 경로 설정을 위하여 많은 route re-quest 패킷(RREQ)을 생성시킨다. 본 논문에서는 각 노드가 자신의 트래픽 부하 상태를 기반으로 RREQ 패킷을 무시하거나 패킷 포워딩을 포기할 수 있게 함으로써 트래픽 집중화 문제를 해결할 수 있는 SLA(Simple Load-balancing Approach)를 제안한다. 그러나 어떤 이기적인 노드들은 자신의 에너지를 절약하기 위하여 고의적으로 패킷 포워딩을 거부할 수도 있다. 이러한 노드들을 패킷 포워딩에 참여시키기 위하여 본 논문에서는 PIFA(Protocol-Independent Fairness Algorithm) 보상 방식을 제안하였다. SLA 성능의 우수함을 증명하기 위하여 SLA를 채택한 AODV 방식과 SLA를 채택하지 않은 AODV 방식을 비교 실험하였고, 이를 통하여 SLA를 채택한 방식이 트래픽 부하 분산에 효율적이며 이로 인하여 전체 에드혹 네트워크 성능 또한 향상시킴을 확인하였다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.849-864
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• 2010

This paper proposes a multipath routing protocol called cross-layer multipath AODV (CM-AODV) for wireless ad hoc networks, which selects multiple routes on demand based on the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) measured at the physical layer. Note that AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) is one of the most popular routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Each time a route request (RREQ) message is forwarded hop by hop, each forwarding node updates the route quality which is defined as the minimum SINR of serialized links in a route and is contained in the RREQ header. While achieving robust packet delivery, the proposed CM-AODV is amenable to immediate implementation using existing technology by neither defining additional packet types nor increasing packet length. Compared to the conventional multipath version of AODV (which is called AOMDV), CM-AODV assigns the construction of multiple paths to the destination node and makes it algorithmically simple, resulting in the improved performance of packet delivery and the less overhead incurred at intermediate nodes. Our performance study shows that CM-AODV significantly outperforms AOMDV in terms of packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay, and results in less routing overhead.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제14C권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2007

이동성을 가진 다수의 노드들로 구성된 MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks)에서는 네트워크 토폴로지의 빈번한 변화에 효과적으로 대응할 수 있는 요구기반 (On Demand) 방식의 라우팅 프로토콜이 주로 사용된다. 대표적인 요구기반 라우팅 프로토콜인 AODV (Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector)는 데이터 전송을 위하여 경로의 다음노드 (Next Hop)가 기록된 각 노드의 경로테이블을 기반으로 운영되며 선정된 경로는 유효기간이 만료되거나 경로단절이 발생되지 않을 경우에 그대로 유지된다. 본 연구에서는 AODV를 기반으로 설정된 경로의 2홉 범위 내에서 동적 경로변경을 제공하는 부분적응형 경로유지 기법 (AODV PA)을 제안한다. 제안된 기법은 경로탐색 과정에서 경로의 다음노드 뿐 아니라 다음노드의 다음노드 (즉, 2홉 다음노드) 정보를 취득하여 상황에 따라 보다 효율적인 경로를 선택할 수 있도록 하며 이러한 경로변경으로 인한 예기치 못한 경로단절 발생을 막기 위하여 HELLO 메시지를 통한 부가적인 경로테이블 관리를 수행한다. NS 2를 이용한 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안된 기법이 기존의 AODV 보다 패킷 전달비율, 지연시간, 라우팅부하 측면에서 향상된 성능을 제공함을 보여준다.