• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2008

Zinc plays a protective role in anti-atherosclerosis but the clear mechanism has not been proposed yet. In the present study, we evaluated whether zinc modulates atherosclerotic markers, VACM-1 and ICAM-1 and cell viability both in endothelial cells in vitro and mouse aortic cell viability ex vivo. In study 1, as in vitro model, endothelial EA.hy926 cells were treated with $TNF{\alpha}$ for 5 hours for inducing oxidative stress, and then treated with Zn-adequacy ($15\;{\mu}M$ Zn) or Zn-deficiency ($0\;{\mu}M$ Zn) for 6 hours. Pro-atherosclerosis factors, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression and cell viability was measured. In study 2, as ex vivo model, mouse aorta ring was used. Mourse aorta was removed and cut in ring then, cultured in a 96-well plate. Aortic ring was treated with various $TNF{\alpha}$ (0-30 mg/ml) and intracellular zinc chelator, N, N, N', N', -tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN, $0-30\;{\mu}M$) for cellular zinc depletion for 2 days and then cell viability was measured. The results showed that in in vitro study, Zn-adequate group induced more VCAM-1 & ICAM-1 mRNA expression than Zn-deficient group during 6-hour zinc treatment post-5 hour TNF-$\alpha$ treatment, unexpectedly. These results might be cautiously interpreted that zinc would biologically induce the early expression of anti-oxidative stress through the increased adhesion molecule expression for reducing atherosclerotic action, particularly under the present 6-hour zinc treatment. In ex vivo, mouse aortic ring cell viability was decreased as TNF-$\alpha$ and TPEN levels increased, which suggests that mouse aortic blood vessel cell viability was decreased, when oxidative stress increases and cellular zinc level decreases. Taken together, it can be suggested that zinc may have a protective role in anti-atherosclerosis by cell viability in endothelial cells and aorta tissue. Further study is needed to clarify how pro-atherosclerosis molecule expression is modulated by zinc.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2013

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be related to cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have beneficial effects against ROS. We investigated the antioxidant effect of captopril and enalapril in nitric oxide mediated vascular endothelium-dependent relaxations. Materials and Methods: Isolated rabbit abdominal aorta ring segments were exposed to ROS by electrolysis of the organ bath medium (Krebs-Henseleit solution) after pretreatment with various concentrations (range, $10^{-5}$ to $3{\times}10^{-4}$ M) of captopril and enalapril. Before and after electrolysis, the endothelial function was measured by preconstricting the vessels with norepinephrine ($10^{-6}$ M) followed by the cumulative addition of acetylcholine (range, $3{\times}10^{-8}$ to $10^{-6}$ M). The relevance of the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effect of captopril and enalapril was investigated using additional pretreatments of diethyldithiocarbamate (DETCA, 0.5 mM), an inhibitor of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3AT, 50 mM), an inhibitor of catalase. Results: Both captopril and enalapril preserved vascular endothelium-dependent relaxation after exposure to ROS in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.0001). Pretreatment with DETCA attenuated the antioxidant effect of captopril and enalapril (p<0.0001), but pretreatment with 3AT did not have an effect. Conclusion: Both captopril and enalapril protect endothelium against ROS in a dose-dependent fashion in isolated rabbit abdominal aortas. This protective effect is related to superoxide anion scavenging.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2017

Hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. It has been demonstrated that chronic exposure to high glucose impaired endothelial functions. However, specific effects of short-term exposure to high glucose on vascular reactivity are controversial. Moreover, the combined effects of other metabolic substrates such as free fatty acids (FFA) on vascular reactivity remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the effects of short-term exposure to high glucose with or without other metabolic substrates including FFAs termed "nutrition full" (NF) solution, on mesenteric (MA) and deep femoral arteries (DFA) of rats. Arterial ring segments were mounted in a double-wire myograph. Contraction in response to phenylephrine (PhE) was determined in control (5 mM) and high glucose (23 mM, HG) environments over a 30 min period. In both arteries, PhE-inducedvasocontraction was enhanced by pre-incubation of HG solution. A combined incubation with HG and palmitic acid ($100{\mu}M$) induced similar sensitization of PhE-contractions in both arteries. In contrast, high $K^+$-induced contractions were not affected by HG. Interestingly, pre-incubation with NF solution decreased PhE-induced contraction in MA but increased the contraction in DFA. In NF solution, the HG-induced facilitation of PhE-contraction was not observed in MA. Furthermore, the PhE-induced contraction of DFA was attenuated by HG in NF solution. Our results demonstrate that the sensitization of PhE-induced arterial contraction by HG is differentially affected by other metabolic substrates. The conversation of skeletal arterial contractility by HG in NF solution requires careful interpretation of the previous in vitro studies where only glucose is included in physiological salt solutions. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inconsistent effect of NF solution on MA and DFA.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.615-624
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• 2003

Vascular smooth muscle relaxation is modulated by an increase in cGMP subsequent to nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial cells. The effects of cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors were investigated in phenylephrine-precontracted rat aorta rings by using the specific inhibitors of PDE I, III, IV and V as relaxing agents (calmodulin-activated PDE inhibitors, IBMX and $W_7$, type I; cAMP-specific PDE inhibitors, milrinone, type IV; Ro 20-1724, type III and cGMP-specific PDE inhibitor, zaprinast, type V). All the PDE inhibitors produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in the ring with intact endothelium (+E). Except for milrinone, all the PDE inhibitors-induced relaxations were inhibited by removal of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine, $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, methylene blue (MS) or nifedipine. The specific PDE I and PDE IV inhibitors both produced endothelium-independent relaxations which were inhibited by MS in -E rings. However, zaprinast had no effect in -E rings. Except for milrinone, sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor)-induced relaxation was significantly augmented by all PDE inhibitors in +E rings. The results suggest that I) the vasorelaxant properties of IBMX, $W_7$, Ro 20-1724 and zaprinast are dependent on endothelium or on interaction with $Ca^{2+}$ regulation, 2) each PDE is differently distributed in vascular tissues (endothelial and smooth muscle cells), 3) the vasodilations of PDE inhibitors are due to the increase of cAMP and cGMP formation through inhibition of cAMP- and cGMP-PDE and 4) the vasodilation action of milrinone does not involve in endothelial-cyclic nucleotide system.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.50.1-50.6
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• 2023

This paper reports the clinical findings and surgical treatment of feline right patent ductus arteriosus (RPDA) with a left aortic arch. A two-month-old female Maine Coon was referred for an investigation of regurgitation after weaning. RPDA with a left aortic arch was diagnosed based on the echocardiographic and computed tomography (CT) findings. A right-fourth intercostal thoracotomy was found to be an appropriate approach to the duct. Preoperative diagnosis is crucial and diagnostic imaging, including radiography, echocardiography, and cardiac CT examination, is essential for determining if the aortic arch is right or left.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2021

Background: Tracheal replacement is a challenge for thoracic surgeons due to stenosis in the trachea-prosthesis anastomosis. We propose that stenosis occurs due to fibrosis as a result of an abnormal healing process, characterized by an increased expression of wound healing growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], survivin, and CD31), which promote angiogenesis and decrease apoptosis. We analyzed the immunoreactivity of VEGF, survivin, CD31, and caspase-3 in the development of fibrotic stenosis in prosthetic tracheal replacement. Methods: Fourteen dogs were operated on: group I (n=7) received a 6-ring cervical tracheal segment autograft, while in group II (n=7), a 6-ring segment of the cervical trachea was resected and tracheal continuity was restored with a Dacron prosthesis. The follow-up was 3 months. Immunoreactivity studies for VEGF, survivin, CD31, and caspase-3 were performed. A statistical analysis was done using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Four animals in group I were euthanized on the 10th postoperative day due to autograft necrosis. Three animals completed the study without anastomotic stenosis. Moderate expression of VEGF (p=0.038), survivin (p=0.038), and CD31 (p=0.038) was found. All group II animals developed stenosis in the trachea-prosthesis anastomotic sites. Microscopy showed abundant collagen and neovascularization vessels. Statistically significant immunoreactive expression of VEGF (p=0.015), survivin (p=0.017), and CD31 (p=0.011) was observed. No expression of caspase-3 was found. Conclusion: We found a strong correlation between fibrosis in trachea-prosthesis anastomoses and excessive angiogenesis, moderate to intense VEGF, CD31, and survivin expression, and null apoptotic activity. These factors led to uncontrolled collagen production.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 1990

Propylthiouracil(PTU)을 4주 및 12주간 투여한 흰쥐의 대동맥을 적출하여 혈관수축제와 이완제에 대한 반응을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. PTU를 처치한 실험군에서는 대조군에 비해 현저한 체중저하와 혈중 갑상선호르몬의 감소를 보였다. PTU를 처치한 흰쥐의 대동맥에 대한 norepinephrine (NE)과, calcium및 potassium 이온에 의한 최대수축 반응은 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소되었다. 그러나 NE에 대한 중간유효량은 증가되었으나, calcium이온에 대한 중간 유효량은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그리고 acetylcholine, histamine, isoproterenol 및 nitroprusside에 의한 대동맥의 이완작용은 대조군에 비해 증가된 경향을 보였다. PTU를 12주간 처치한 군에 있어서 acetylcholine에 의한 최대 이완반응은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되었지만 다른 이완제에 의해서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. PTU를 4주간 처치한 군에 있어서는 대조군에 비하여 혈관이완제에 대한 중간억제량은 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 12주 처치군에 있어서는 isoproterenol 및 nitroprusside에 대한 중간억제량은 감소 되었으나 acetylcholine 및 histamine에 대한 중간억제량은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 PTU-처치에 의한 혈관 반응성의 변화는 혈관 내피세포보다는 혈관 평활근세포자체의 변화에 기인되며, 이러한 세포내의 변화는 갑상선 기능이 저하된 후에도 계속되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.163-172
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• 1971

This paper attempts to observe the histological structure of Korean Arisaema ringens $S_{CHOTT}{'s}$ rhizome, to identify it's constituent and to investigate the pharmacological action with it's alcohol extract. The results are : 1) The inner structure of rhizome on the transverse section is divided into external and internal tissues by the ring of intercellular secretary sac. Raphides of calcium oxalate contained in mucilage cell, collateral vascular bundle, are extremely similar to those contained in Pinellia ternata. 2) The organs of the pistillate Arisaema ringens are larger and more plentiful than those of the staminate Arisaema ringens. The sexual identification is easy in the flowering season. 3) The alkaloid is identified by Meyer reagent as white p.p.t. at pH 2 of sulfuric acid. 4) The saponin is indentified remarkably by means of foaming reaction, Lieberman-Burchard reaction and hemolytic reaction. 5) The effect of alcohol extract on the relaxation of the isolated intestine of the rabbit is remarkably shown at the concentration of $10^{-3}g/ml$. 6) The effect of alcohol extract on the isolated ractus muscle of the frog increases the constructive action of acetylcholine at the concentration of $10^{-3}g/ml$. 7) The effect of alcohol extract on the isolated heart movement of the frog is decreased remarkably at the concentration of $10^{-3}g/ml$. 8) The effect of alcohol extract on the blood pressure of the rabbit is decreased by an interavenous injection of $10^{-3}g/kg$.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2016

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of angiogenesis and critical for normal embryonic development and repair of pathophysiological conditions in adults. Although phospholipase D (PLD) activity has been implicated in angiogenic processes, its role in VEGF signaling during angiogenesis in mammals is unclear. Here, we found that silencing of PLD2 by siRNA blocked VEGF-mediated signaling in immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (iHUVECs). Also, VEGF-induced endothelial cell survival, proliferation, migration, and tube formation were inhibited by PLD2 silencing. Furthermore, while Pld2-knockout mice exhibited normal development, loss of PLD2 inhibited VEGF-mediated ex vivo angiogenesis. These findings suggest that PLD2 functions as a key mediator in the VEGF-mediated angiogenic functions of endothelial cells.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.169-185
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• 1988

Vessel elements in lateral root, tap root, transition region, stem and mid vein of 1-year old, 3-year old and 5-year old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) are studied with light microscope to clarify the distribution and differentiation of several kinds of vessel elements. Vessel elements are classified into five types such as ring vessel, spiral vessel, scalariform vessel, reticulate vessel and pitted vessel according to the secondary thickenings of cell wall. All of the five types are not observed in each organ, but diverse kinds of vessels are present in stem and mid vein compared with the underground organs such as tap root and lateral root. The length of vessel elements is longest (680$\mu$m) in stem and shortest (143$\mu$m) in tap root. The diameter of vessel elements is 19.0$\mu$m in tap root and the angle of perforation plate comes under 22$^{\circ}$-60$^{\circ}$. The degree of differentiation of vessel elements according to the length, diameter and angle of perforation plate of vessel elements is highest in tap root regardless of the age of ginseng. Three types of perforation plate such as scalariform, intermediate type of simple and scalariform, and simple perforation plate are observed. The vascular tracheids are characteristically observed in mid vein of 1-year old ginseng, and in transition region of 3 and 5-year old ginseng.