• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.281-283
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• 2005

A 3-month-old male, Cocker Spaniel with persistent regurgitation immediately after weaning and stunted growth was referred. Radiographic findings on the lateral view include ventral deviation of the thoracic trachea caused by draping of the dilated esophagus and a distinct interface of the dorsal wall of the esophagus silhouetting with the cranial thoracic hypaxial muscles. On the ventrodorsal view, the cranial mediastinum was widened with soft tissue opacity. The trachea was deviated to the right. In an esophagogram, the segmental dilation of the esophagus with constriction of the lumen just cranial to the heart base was identified. In a fluoroscopic examination, the contrast medium was massively accumulated in the cranial portion of the constricted esophagus. At surgery, it was confirmed that the esophageal tract was constricted at the cranial to the base of the heart by aberrant right subclavian artery. It was ligated and divided surgically. Current state of the referred is maintained normal condition from the surgical repair.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Attempts were made to determine the characteristics of the morphology of Codonopsis lanceolata $T_{RAUT's}$ root. Its saponin and crude powder were examined by foaming and hemolytic tests and by observing transverse sections: 1) The cork-layer was consisted of multiple cells, and some of the cork cells contained monoclinic prism crystals of calcium oxalates. 2) The vascular bundle was formed of radial arrangement by the preminentic bursting pith and the irregular cambium ring with the abnormal growth. 3) The latex vessel and latex of the cortex were brown-gray or yellowish-brown. The latex vessel and sieve tube were consisted of the independent aggregates which had a number of layers. It had much more independent aggregates than Platycodi Radix. 4) The xylem was less than the phloem portion. The thick-walled vessels which had one to five lines ware more distributed than in Platycodi Radix. 5) The inulin distribution on a piece of section which is dipped in alcohol was observed through out the tissues, but starch grain was not found in it. 6) The duration time of foaming reaction of the crude powder in test tubes was shorter than that of Platycodi Radix. Foaming index of the foaming test of five percent decoctions was 3.33, 7) In the hemolytic test which used 10 percent decoction and one percent saponin solution, hemolytic action was very weak.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.146-157
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• 1994

Wasong(Orostachys japonicus A. Berger) has been used as anti-cancer medicinal plants from ancient time. This experiment was conducted to obtain some fundamental informations concerning anatomical study, germination test, soil analysis of indigenious districks, adaptaion of soil for wasong. The leaf of wasong was xerotype with spine, mesophyl chloroplast is dense surrounded vascular bundle, with a many large water storage tissue without chloroplast, and was bifacial stomata leaf type. The stem of wasong was amphicribral vascular bundle, central cylinder was cylinder type and protostele. Root was polarch type, potoxylem of it's was arranged in ring shape of annulation and metaxylem. The structure of flower was cymose, was caylyx of 5 sepals, corolla of 5 petals, roecium of 10 stames, ovules of five, placentation parietal, ovary superior, axile placenta. The optimum temperature for seed germination was $25^{\circ}C$ under light and germination percentage was 22.5%. Dormancy breaking was effective for 6-8 days at 5$^{\circ}C$ and at 100 ppm level of $GA_3$ The soil analysis of wasong local districks, content of available $P_2O_5$, Ca were higer than optimal level of upland and C.E.C., exchangeable k was not significantly different of that, but exchangeable magnesium was very low. The growth of wasong was affected draining regardless soil combination treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to define the varying responses of vascular smooth muscle to different wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation and to relate them to the changes in cyclic GMP contents. The ring preparations of rat thoracic aorta with intact or removed endothelium were irradiated with the ultraviolet or visible light (UVR) of wavelengths in step of 10 nm between 250 and 500 nm from xenon lamp of a spectrofluorometer, and the changes in vascular tension were recorded. For cyclic GMP assay, the preparations, pretreated with phenylephrine as in the tension experinents, were frozen after irradiation and homogenated in trichloroacetic acid. The supernatant was extracted with ether and the cyclic GMP contents were measured with radioimmunoassay. In the endothelium-intact preparations, biphasic responses, vasoconstriction (UVR-contraction) followed by vasodilatation (UVR-dilatation), were observed. The maximal UVR-contraction was observed at 320 nm, while the maximal vasodilatation was elicited at 420 nm. In the endothelium-removed rings, however, only vasodilatation was observed, with the maximal vasodilatation taking place at 370 nm. The cyclic GMP contents were not affected by the Irradiation with 320 nm for 30 sec or 1 min in the endothelium-intact preparations, while it was significantly increased by 380 and 420 nm. In the endothelium-removed preparations, UVR of 370 nm markedly increased the cyclic GMP contents. The present study indicates that the increase in cyclic GMP is closely related to vasodilatation induced by UVR of 420 nm in the endothelium-intact or 370 nm in the denuded preparations, whereas it is not involved in the vasoconstriction induced by UVR of 320 nm in the intact rings, and the mechanism leading to UVR-contraction remains to be clarified. These observations suggest that nitric oxide-cyclic GMP system is closely related to the UVR-dilatation in rat aortic preparation, while it is not involved in the UVR contraction.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.143-149
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• 2020

This study tried to observe the ability to inhibit vasocontriction in phloretin - the primary ingredient of apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricot - through ROCK(Rho-associdated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase) inactivation in rat aortae. A piece of artery that was separated from Sprague-Dawley male rats and retained or damaged the endothelium was suspended in myograph tank with two metal rings, the lower ring fixed to the bottom of the tank, and the upper ring connected to the isotonic force transducer. Interestingly, phloretin inhibited fluoride- or phorbol ester-provoked contraction implying that additional pathways dissimilar from endothelial nitric oxide synthesis such as ROCK or MEK (mitogen activated protein kinase kinase) inactivation might be involved in the vasorelaxation. Therefore, this study provides that phloretin participates in the reduction of ROCK or MEK activity in smooth muscle in addition to the endothelial-dependent action of the endotheliuim in complete blood vessels, and consequently inhibits actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle. Furthermore, phloretin inhibited thromboxane A2-induced contraction suggesting the mechanism including inhibition of ROCK and MEK.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2002

It has been well known that Korea red ginseng has an antihypertensive effect. The antihypertensive effect may be due to its ability to change the peripheral resistance. Change of vascular tone in the resistance-sized artery contribute to the peripheral resistance, thereby regulate the blood pressure. Therefore, we investigated to clarify the vasorelaxing mechanism induced by crude saponin of Korea red ginseng in the resistance-sized mesenteric artery of rats. The resistance-sized mesenteric artery was isolated and cut into a ring. The ring segment was immersed in HEPES-buffered solution and its isometric tension was measured using myograph force-displacement transducer. Crude saponin of ginseng relaxed the mesenmetric arterial rings precontracted with norepinephrine (3$\mu$M) in dose-dependent manner (0.01 mg/㎖ -1 mg/㎖. The relaxation by crude saponin was smaller in endothelium-intact preparation than that in endothelium-denuded preparation. The contraction induced by A23187 or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate was not affected by crude saponin of ginseng. The vasorelaxing effect of crude saponin of ginseng was significantly attenuated by the increase of the extracellular K$\^$+/ concentration. Crude saponin-induced vasorelaxation was not affected by tetraethylammonium (1 mM), glybenclamide (10$\mu$M), and 4-aminopyridine (0.1 mM) in these preparations. Ba$\^$2+/(10$\mu$M ∼100$\mu$M) markedly reduced the crude saponin-induced vasorelakation dose-dependently. From the above results, we suggest that crude saponin of ginseng may stimulate K$\^$+/ efflux and hyperpolarize the membrane, thereby cause the vasorelaxation in the resistance-sized mesenteric artery of rats.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2011

Bolus intravenous injection of adenosine resulted the temporal decrease of systemic blood pressure and heart rate in the anesthetized rats. Adenosine also resulted the persistent decrease of contractility and heart rate in the isolated spontaneously beating rat right atria. Both of the above inhibition effets of adenosine were increased by the pretreatment of NBI (nitrobenzylthioinosine), whitch is an adenosine transport inhibitor, but decreased by the pretreatment of 8- phenyltheophy1line, which is an adenosine antagonist. In isolated thoracic aorta ring segment of normotensive rats, intact rings were relaxed by adenosine ($42.3{\pm}8.7%$) and ATP ($85.9{\pm}15.8%$) in the concentration of $10^{-4}M$, but rubbed rings were relaxed by adenosine ($35.2{\pm}1.9%$) and ATP ($11.3{\pm}9.0%$) in $10^{-4}M$. After pretreatment of L-NAME (N-Nitro-Larginine methyl ester), which is an NO inhibitor, adenosine-induced relaxation was not affected, but ATP-induced relax ation was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). Meanwhile, adenosine resulted almost same as vasorelaxation in isolated thoracic aorta of SHR comparing to those of normotensive rats. But, vasodilation responses of ATP in intact rings of SHR are significantly inhibited comparing to those of normotensive rats. Adenosine-induced relaxation is attenuated after 8-phenyltheophylline pretreatment, but increased after NBI pretreatment. However, ATP-induced relaxations are not affected by 8-phenyltheophylline or NBI pretreatment. These results suggested that the hypotensive effects of adenosine was due to the decrease of contractile force and heart rate through the A1 receptor and vasodilation are mediated by A2 receptor of the vascular smooth muscle. And, the heart protective and vasodilation effects of adenosine might suggest that it would be useful in the acute treatment of coronary artery disease.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1 s.34
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• pp.41-46
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• 1984

Cadmium (Cd) was administered by a series of weekly intraperitoneal injections at dose of 2mg/kg in rabbits and rats. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and thromboxane $B^2(TXB_2)$ in platelet-rich plasma from Cd-poisoned animals were significantly higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, the inhibition of 6-keto-prostaglandin $F_{1{\alpha}}$, production in Cd-treated aorta ring was inversely related to the enhancement of platelet aggregation. These results suggest that Cd not only inhibits prostacyclin synthesis in the arterial endothelium, but also stimulates the platelet aggregation by enhancing thromboxane AZ production. These findings are assumed to support the evidence of an effect of Cd toxicity on the vascular wall and platelet function in raising arteriall pressure.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms) multiplies very rapidly, passing through the vascular strands and into the stems and petioles of a diseased potato. Therefore, the rapid and specific detection of this pathogen is highly important for the effective control of the pathogen. Although several PCR assays have been developed for detection, they cannot afford specific detection of Cms. Therefore, in this study, a computational genome analysis was performed to compare the sequenced genomes of the C. michiganensis subspecies and to identify an appropriate gene for the development of a subspecies-specific PCR primer set (Cms89F/R). The specificity of the primer set based on the putative phage-related protein was evaluated using genomic DNA from seven isolates of Cms and 27 other reference strains. The Cms89F/R primer set was more specific and sensitive than the existing assays in detecting Cms in in vitro using Cms cells and its genomic DNA. This assay was also able to detect at least $1.47{\times}10^2copies/{\mu}l$ of cloned-amplified target DNA, 5 fg of DNA using genomic DNA or $10^{-6}$ dilution point of 0.12 at $OD_{600}$ units of cells per reaction using a calibrated cell suspension.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.771-779
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• 2022

Background: As a kind of common complication of the surgery of perianal diseases, perianal ulcer is known as a nuisance. This study aims to develop a kind of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3)-loaded hydrogel to treat perianal ulcers in a rat model. Methods: The copolymers PLGA₁₆₀₀-PEG₁₀₀₀-PLGA₁₆₀₀ were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization process and Rg3-loaded hydrogel was then developed. The perianal ulcer rat model was established to analyze the treatment efficacy of Rg3-loaded hydrogel for ulceration healing for 15 days. The animals were divided into control group, hydrogel group, free Rg3 group, Rg3-loaded hydrogel group, and Lidocaine Gel® group. The residual wound area rate was calculated and the blood concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were recorded. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Masson's Trichrome (MT) staining, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Ki-67, CD31, ERK1/2, and NF-κB immunohistochemical staining were performed. Results: The biodegradable and biocompatible hydrogel carries a homogenous interactive porous structure with 10 ㎛ pore size and five weeks in vivo degradation time. The loaded Rg3 can be released sustainably. The in vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the hydrogel had no effect on survival rate of murine skin fibroblasts L929. The Rg3-loaded hydrogel can facilitate perianal ulcer healing by inhibiting local and systematic inflammatory responses, swelling the proliferation of nuclear cells, collagen deposition, and vascularization, and activating ERK signal pathway. Conclusion: The Rg3-loaded hydrogel shows the best treatment efficacy of perianal ulcer and may be a candidate for perianal ulcer treatment.