• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.743-750
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to develop a supplementary therapeutic agent capable of promoting vascular circulation. The effects of Acai berry ethanolic extracts (ABEE) on activity of angiotensin converting enzyme from rabbit lung, production of nitro oxide in both murine macrophage cells and vascular endothelial cells as well as antioxidant effects were investigated in this study. First of all, it was observed the direct effects of ABEE on reducing power and antioxidant effect lipid peroxidation. In addition, ABEE showed a protective effect on DNA oxidation induced by hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, ABEE at 0.01% exerted approximately 50% inhibition on activity of angiotensin converting enzyme. ABEE increased the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells, but decreased the induction of nitric oxide stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in microphage. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 and -3 were enhanced by ABEE treatment, however, the expression level of SOD-1 remained constant. Moreover, the expression level of nitric oxide synthases-1 (NOS-1), a constitutive enzyme, was increased by ABEE, but that of NOS-2, a inducible enzyme, was constant. It was also found that the level of Nrf-2, a transcription factor of SOD, was increased by ABEE. Therefore, these results demonstrate that ABEE could promote blood circulation via above actions, suggesting that may be helpful for health of blood vessel.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.317-327
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• 2000

Through the study about Che-Qi-Jung(諸氣證) concerned with phenomenon of stress, we concluded as fallow. 1. Stressors are recognized three parts, internal cause, external cause, non-interexternal cause, in the oriental medicine. And the reaction of the body about stressors, was expressed change of Qi(氣). 2. The vascular system and autonomic nervous system are tensed or relexed. Because the etiology of Yuk-Em(六淫), Chil-Jeong(七情) make lose up and down, in and out, circulation of Gi(氣). The symtom caused with stress are explained, divided into Chil-Qi(七氣), Gu-Qi(九氣), Joong-Qi(中氣), Qi-Tong(氣痛), Qi-Yuk(氣逆), Qi-Wool(氣鬱). 3. The symtom of Chil-Qi is recognized into psycholoQical stress and Mae-Haek-Qi(梅核氣). The symtom of Gu-Qi is composed of Chil-Qi and Han(寒), Youl(熱), Ro(勞). 4. The symtoms of Qi-Yuk and Joong-Qi are caused by the ascent of Hwa-Qi(火氣). And Hwa-Qi is made by rage and depression. Qi-Yuk is chronic symtom that the ascent of Hwa-Qi is made by out of function in up and down mechanism of Qi. Joong-Qi is acute symtom that patholoQical state of Qi-Yuk take place for a while by sudden psycholoQical shock. 5. The symtom of Qi-Wool is loss of funtion made by depressed state in physioloQical mechanism, and Qi-Wool is observed in depressive psychosis and hypochondriasis and psychogenic. 6. The symtom of Qi-Tong is the pain caused by interference of circulation of Qi-Hyul(氣血). PsycholoQical stimulation such as rage and depression, tense autonomic nervous system. This make convulsion in gastro-intestine or vascular circuluation or abdominal muscles, and the pain is caused by convulsion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare hair and alopecia of Korean Medicine with those of western medicine. Methods : We studied relationships between hair and essense(精), qi(氣), blood(血), five vicera(五臟) and meridians(經絡) through literature review about hair and alopecia. We compared Korean medicine with western medicine on physiology of hair and treatment of alopecia based on the study. Results & Conclusion : 1. Congenital essense(先天之精) is related with genetic factor and acquired essence(後天之精) is connected with nutritional factor. Defending function of Defense qi(衛氣) is related with immune reaction and qi stagnation(氣鬱) is associated with stress reaction. Atrophy of vascular tissues observed in alopecia scalp means deep relationship between blood(血) and alopecia, further deficiency of blood can cause telogen effluvium. 2. Kidney qi(腎氣) is related with inhibiting combination of Androgen receptor and Dihydrotestosterone(DHT) or activating hair growth factior. Pi(脾) is connected with alopecia seborrheica caused by damp-heat(濕熱) and alopecia areata caused by excessive prudence(思慮過度). Heart(心) is associated with atrophy in vascular tissue of scalp and liver(肝) is connected with metabolism. 3. Armpit hair and pubic hair as secondary sex characteristics are realated with Yangming Meridian(陽明經) and beard and hair at crown part where Type II $5{\alpha}$-reductase is activated much are associated with Taiyang Meridian(太陽經). 4. Juglandis Semen pharmacopuncture and Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopucture have better effects on inhibit $5{\alpha}$-reductase than Finasteride. Minoxidil and PRP are similar with promoting blood flow and removing stasis(活血祛瘀). Seven-star needling(七星針) is similar with microneedling. 5. Alopecia can be caused by due to lack of circulation Views we need solution to improve circulation coincide in opinion with Korean Medicine and Western medicine.

• Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.211-218
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• 2018

Objective This study aimed to determine whether simultaneous decreases in the serum levels of cell adhesion molecules (intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], and E-selectin) and S100 proteins within the first 24 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation were associated with good neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest survivors. Methods This retrospective observational study was based on prospectively collected data from a single emergency intensive care unit (ICU). Twenty-nine out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors who were admitted to the ICU for post-resuscitation care were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at 0 and 24 hours after ICU admission. According to the 6-month cerebral performance category (CPC) scale, the patients were divided into good (CPC 1 and 2, n=12) and poor (CPC 3 to 5, n=17) outcome groups. Results No difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the serum levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and S100 at 0 and 24 hours. A simultaneous decrease in the serum levels of VCAM-1 and S100 as well as E-selectin and S100 was associated with good neurological outcomes. When other variables were adjusted, a simultaneous decrease in the serum levels of VCAM-1 and S100 was independently associated with good neurological outcomes (odds ratio, 9.285; 95% confidence interval, 1.073 to 80.318; P=0.043). Conclusion A simultaneous decrease in the serum levels of soluble VCAM-1 and S100 within the first 24 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation was associated with a good neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2022

Background In addition to vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are subject to continuous shear stress because of blood circulation. The angiogenic properties of VSMCs in extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may exceed those of normal blood vessels if the body responds more sensitively to mechanical stimuli. This study was performed to investigate the hypothesis that rapid angiogenesis may be achieved by mechanical shear stress. Methods VSMCs were obtained from six patients who had AVMs and six normal controls. The target genes were set to angiopoietin-2 (AGP2), aquaporin-1 (AQP1), and transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR were implemented to identify the expression levels for target genes. Immunofluorescence was also conducted. Results Under the shear stress condition, mean relative quantity values of AGP2, AQP1, and TGFBR1 in AVM tissues were 1.927±0.528, 1.291±0.031, and 2.284±1.461 when compared with neutral conditions. The expression levels of all three genes in AVMs were higher than those in normal tissue except for AQP1 under shear stress conditions. Immunofluorescence also revealed increased staining of shear stress-induced genes in the normal tissue and in AVM tissue. Conclusions Shear stress made the VSMCs of AVMs more sensitive. Although the pathogenesis of AVMs remains unclear, our study showed that biomechanical stimulation imposed by shear stress may aggravate angiogenesis in AVMs.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.406-417
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• 2023

Background and Objectives: Pathophysiological changes of right ventricle (RV) after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) are coupled with a highly compliant low-pressure pulmonary artery (PA) system. This study aimed to determine whether pulmonary vascular function was associated with RV parameters and exercise capacity, and its impact on RV remodeling after pulmonary valve replacement. Methods: In a total of 48 patients over 18 years of age with repaired TOF, pulmonary arterial elastance (Ea), RV volume data, and RV-PA coupling ratio were calculated and analyzed in relation to exercise capacity. Results: Patients with a low Ea showed a more severe pulmonary regurgitation volume index, greater RV end-diastolic volume index, and greater effective RV stroke volume (p=0.039, p=0.013, and p=0.011, respectively). Patients with a high Ea had lower exercise capacity than those with a low Ea (peak oxygen consumption [peak VO₂] rate: 25.8±7.7 vs. 34.3±5.5 mL/kg/min, respectively, p=0.003), while peak VO₂ was inversely correlated with Ea and mean PA pressure (p=0.004 and p=0.004, respectively). In the univariate analysis, a higher preoperative RV end-diastolic volume index and RV end-systolic volume index, left ventricular end-systolic volume index, and higher RV-PA coupling ratio were risk factors for suboptimal outcomes. Preoperative RV volume and RV-PA coupling ratio reflecting the adaptive PA system response are important factors in optimal postoperative results. Conclusions: We found that PA vascular dysfunction, presenting as elevated Ea in TOF, may contribute to exercise intolerance. However, Ea was inversely correlated with pulmonary regurgitation (PR) severity, which may prevent PR, RV dilatation, and left ventricular dilatation in the absence of significant pulmonary stenosis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 1997

We investigated the interaction between nitric oxide and the renin angiotensin system in regulating isolated pulmonary arterial tension and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in renal hypertensive rats (RHR) made by complete ligation of left renal artery. Losartan induced a depressor response that was smaller in RHR than in normotensive rats (NR) (3.3 and 7.0 mmHg, respectively, at 3.0 mg/kg, p<0.05), and the response was significantly reduced by $N^{G}$-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Angiotensin II elevated the PAP (7.6 and 10.8 mmHg at $0.1 {\mu}g/kg$; 20.3 and 23.6 mmHg at $1.0{\mu}g/kg$, respectively) and contracted the isolated pulmonary artery ($pD_2$: 8.79 and 8.71, respectively) from both NR and RHR with similar magnitude, and these effects were significantly enhanced by L-NAME in NR, but not in RHR. Acetylcholine lowered the PAP slightly less effectively in RHR than in NR (3.8 and 6.0 mmHg at 10 .mu.g/kg, respectively) and relaxed the pulmonary artery precontracted with norepinephrine in both rats with similar magnitude ($E_max$: 60.8 and 63.6%, respectively), and the effect being completely abolished after pretreatment.with L-NAME or removal of endothelial cells. These results suggest that nitric oxide interacts with renin angiotensin system to control the pulmonary vascular tension and pulmonary arterial circulation of RHR.R.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.16-26
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• 2004

The object of this study is to develop a mathematical model of the hemodialysis system including the mechanism of solute kinetics, water exchange and also cardiovascular dynamics. The cardiovascular system model used in this study simulates the short-term transient and steady-state hemodynamic responses such as hypotension and disequilibrium syndrome (which are main complications to hemodialysis patients) during hemodialysis. It consists of a 12 lumped-parameter representation of the cardiovascular circulation connected to set-point models of the arterial baroreflexes, a kinetic model (hemodialysis system model) with 3 compartmental body fluids and 2 compartmental solutes. We formulate mathematically this model in terms of an electric analog model. All resistors and most capacitors are assumed to be linear. The control mechanisms are mediated by the information detected from arterial pressoreceptors, and they work on systemic arterial resistance, heart rate, and systemic venous unstressed volume. The hemodialysis model includes the dynamics of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium in the intracellular and extracellular pools as well as fluid balance equations for the intracellular, interstitial, and plasma volumes. Model parameters are largely based on literature values. We have presented the results on the simulations performed by changing some model parameters with respect to their basal values. In each case, the percentage changes of each compartmental pressure, heart rate (HR), total systemic resistance (TSR), ventricular compliance, zero pressure filling volume and solute concentration profiles are represented during hemodialysis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.400-404
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• 2016

We report a case of acute ischemic stroke involving both the anterior and posterior circulation associated with a persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA), treated by endovascular revascularization for acute basilar artery (BA) occlusion via the PPTA. An otherwise healthy 67-year-old man experienced sudden loss of consciousness and quadriplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an extensive acute infarction in the right cerebral hemisphere, and magnetic resonance angiography showed occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and BA. Because the volume of infarction in the territory of the right MCA was extensive, we judged the use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator to be contraindicated. Cerebral angiography revealed hypoplasia of both vertebral arteries and the presence of a PPTA from the right internal carotid artery. A microcatheter was introduced into the BA via the PPTA and revascularization was successfully performed using a Merci Retriever with adjuvant low-dose intraarterial urokinase. After treatment, his consciousness level and right motor weakness improved. Although persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses such as a PPTA are relatively rare vascular anomalies, if the persistent primitive artery is present, it can be an access route for mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.175-183
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• 1988

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia [CDH] is a surgical emergency in the newborn infant because it causes severe cardiorespiratory distress. Congenital diaphragmatic eventration [CDE] may also produce severe cardiorespiratory distress in the newborn infant. CDH is an anatomically simple defect that can be easily repaired by reduction of the displaced viscera from the pleural cavity and closure of the diaphragmatic defect. But these infants mortality has not been reduced and still remains very high. The barrier to survival is pulmonary parenchymal and vascular hypoplasia as well as the complex syndrome of persistent fetal circulation. Between May, 1985 and Oct, 1987, 4 neonates with CDH and 1 neonate with CDE were seen in respiratory distress within 12 hrs of birth at St. Francisco general hospital. Each had severe acidosis and hypoxia. And was transferred from a local clinic. They were surgically repaired within 24 hrs of birth. Three neonates lived and two died. Two of the three neonates with CDH operated in the first 6 hrs died. The remaining two [one with CDH, the other with CDE] operated between 6hrs and 24 hrs lived. One case of mortality was combined with bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia and contralateral pneumothorax. The other one case of mortality was combined with complex syndrome of persistent fetal circulation after honeymoon period.