• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) is, perhaps, the most intriguing component of the knee joint. Initially referred to crucial ligament because of the cruciate or crossed arrangement or the anterior and posterior ligaments within the knee. the irony or the ACL being crucial to the well-being or the joint has only recently appreciated. The anterior cruciate ligament of human knee joint is a complex structure and its orientation, construct and biology arc directly related to the knee function as a constraint of knee joint motion. In addition to its functional role as a static stabilizer or the knee. the ACL has a unique neurovascular system. The vascular anatomy of the ACL plays a crucial role in the repair and reconstruction of the ligament, and the neuroreceptors found in its substance suggest a possible proprioceptive role for the ligament. The structural complexity of the ACL allows the ligament to function through the normal range of motion as a static stabilizer or the knee. hut it also makes the exact duplication of this structure very difficult. A comprehensive knowledge or the anatomy of the ACL can provide the orthopedic surgeon with a blueprint for the idealized repair and reconstruction of this most complex structure.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 2003

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent regulator of normal and abnormal angiogenesis. Recent literature suggests that VEGF has several activities that may amplify acute inflammation reactions. Dysregulated VEGF expression has been implicated as a major contributor to the development of a number of common disease pathologies. One of common mutations in the 3'- untranslated region of the VEGF gene, a C\longrightarrowT exchange at nucleotide position 936, has been found to be significantly associated with VEGF expression levels in the plasma from a previous Austrian study. The frequency of this mutation could be important genetic information regarding tumor growth and angiogenesis related diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency distribution of this mutation in general Korean population. We examined the statistical data from 207 healthy Korean subjects. Observed numbers (%) of 936T were 28.5 (CT) and 3.9 (TT), respectively. The mutant allele frequency of 936T in Korean subjects was 0.18, which appeared somewhat higher than that in Austrian subjects.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2016

Background The vermilion plays an important role in both the aesthetic and functional aspects of facial anatomy. Due to its structural features, the complete excision of vascular anomalies on the vermilion is challenging, making it difficult to determine the appropriate treatment strategy. Thus, the authors analyzed the results of surgical treatment of vascular anomalies on the vermilion. Methods The medical records of 38 patients with vascular anomalies on the vermilion who underwent surgery from 1995 to 2013 were analyzed. Nine of the cases had an involuted hemangioma, and 29 cases had a vascular malformation; of the vascular malformations, 13, 11, one, and four cases involved were capillary malformations (CMs), venous malformations (VMs), lymphatic malformations (LMs), and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), respectively. We investigated the surgical methods used to treat these patients, the quantity of surgical procedures, complications and instances of recurrence, and self-assessed satisfaction scores. Results A total of 50 operations were carried out: 28 horizontal partial excisions, eight vertical partial excisions, and 14 operations using other surgical methods. All cases of AVM underwent complete excision. Six cases experienced minor complications and one case of recurrence was observed. The overall average satisfaction score was 4.1 out of 5, while the satisfaction scores associated with each lesion type were 4.2 for hemangiomas, 3.9 for CMs, 4.2 for VMs, 5.0 for LMs, and 4.0 for AVMs. Conclusions It is difficult to completely excise vascular anomalies that involve the vermilion. This study suggests that partial excision focused on correcting the overall contour of the lips is effective and leads to satisfactory results.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.529-535
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• 2016

Background The trapezius muscle flap is not usually the first reconstructive option for skin and soft tissue defects in the posterior neck and scalp due to surgeons' unfamiliarity with the surgical anatomy and developments in free tissue transfer techniques. The goals of this study were to describe the clinical use of trapezius flaps in posterior neck and scalp reconstruction, and to investigate the vascular anatomy of trapezius flaps in Asians in order to obtain information facilitating the safe design and elevation of flaps in which most of the muscle is preserved. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of 10 patients who underwent trapezius muscle flap for posterior neck and scalp defects. We also performed an anatomical study of 16 flaps harvested from 8 preserved Asian adult cadavers and evaluated the main landmarks relevant for trapezius muscle flap. Results In the anatomical study, the mean vertical height from the inferior angle of the scapula to the point at which the superficial cervical artery penetrated the trapezius was $4.31{\pm}2.14cm$. The mean vertical height of the trapezius muscle flap pivot point was $9.53{\pm}2.08cm$ from the external occipital protuberance. Among the 10 flaps, partial necrosis on the overlaid skin graft occurred in 1 patient and postoperative seroma occurred in another patient. Conclusions Vascular variations in the trapezius muscle flap are uncommon in Asians, but when present, such variations appear to have little impact on harvesting the flap or on its circulation. The trapezius muscle flap is a viable alternative for posterior neck and scalp reconstruction.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.367-374
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• 2001

Leaves of two developmental stages of Salsola species, young and mature, were examined to reveal the structural and functional relationships in the photosynthetic tissue using anatomical and ultrastructural criteria. Both young and mature leaves had Kranz anatomy of the Salsolid type with two layers of chlorenchyma on the leaf periphery: an outer layer of palisade mesophyll cells and an inner layer of compact bundle sheath cells with centripetally arranged organelles. The chlorenchyma was continuous in young leaves , while it was discontinuous in mature leaves. The main vascular bundle occupied the central position in the leaf. but the small peripheral vascular bundles were in contact with the chlorenchyma. Structural dimorphism of chloroplasts was obvious in bundle sheath cells of mature leaves exhibiting noticeable grana reduction, whereas mesophyll cell chloroplasts had well developed grana in all cases. Plasmodesmata were less numerous and rather simple in young leaves relative to well-developed secondary plasmodesmata of the later stage. According to the current data, features of two stages of Salsola leaves corresponded to NADP-ME bio-chemical subtype on the basis of photosynthetic cell ultrastructure. Implications of developing such anatomical and ultrastructural data of Sulsola species and biochemical characteristics reported in other C-4 species have been discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2021

Excessive salt intake induces hypertension, but several gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplements have been shown to reduce blood pressure. GABA-salt, a fermented salt by L. brevis BJ20 containing GABA was prepared through the post-fermentation with refined salt and the fermented GABA extract. We evaluated the effect of GABA-salt on hypertension in a high salt, high cholesterol diet induced mouse model. We analyzed type 1 macrophage (M1) polarization, the expression of M1 related cytokines, GABA receptor expression, endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, and medial thicknesses in mice model. GABA-salt attenuated diet-induced blood pressure increases, M1 polarization, and TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels in mouse aortas, and in salt treated macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, GABA-salt induced higher GABAB receptor and endothelial NOS (eNOS) and eNOS phosphorylation levels than those observed in salt treated ECs. In addition, GABA-salt attenuated EC dysfunction by decreasing the levels of adhesion molecules (E-selectin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1]) and of von Willebrand Factor and reduced EC death. GABA-salt also reduced diet-induced reductions in the levels of eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS, VSMC proliferation and medial thickening in mouse aortic tissues, and attenuated Endothelin-1 levels in salt treated VSMCs. In summary, GABA-salt reduced high salt, high cholesterol diet induced hypertension in our mouse model by reducing M1 polarization, EC dysfunction, and VSMC proliferation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.528-534
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• 2005

Angiogenesis is important for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Some growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenin are known to promote tumor angiogenesis. Among them, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most intriguing factor in regard to tumor angiogenesis. Inhibition of VEGF activity by neutralizing antibodies or by the introduction of dominant negative VEGF receptors into endothelial cells of tumor-associated blood vessels resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth and in tumor regression, indicating that VEGF is a major initiator of tumor angiogenesis. VEGF promotes angiogenesis through their receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR. on vascular endothelial cells. These two receptors were usually believed to be expressed specifically on vascular endothelial cell. Several reports have now shown that VEGF is not only significantly associated with microvessel density but also has prognostic value in both node-negative and node-positive oral squamous cell carcinoma. For many years several histologic features of the neoplasms are being considered when assessing the influence of malignancy grading on recurrence and prognosis. Among the characteristics investigated, degree of keratinization, nuclear pleomorphism, mode of invasion, microscopic depth of invasion, intravascular invasion, lymphocyte infiltration, and number of mitoses have been considered as important prognostic factors. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with malignancy in paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens from 11 patients with tongue cancers. Our results showed that high immunoreactivity specimens of VEGF expression were significantly lower keratinization degree and more pronounced nuclear pleomorphism than in low immunoreactivity specimens. Thus, VEGF expression could be used as a prognostic marker in tongue cancer.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.489-495
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• 2012

Ischemia is a blockage of blood supply due to an embolism or a hemorrhage in a blood vessel. When an organ cannot receive oxygenated blood and can therefore no longer replenish its blood supply due to ischemia, stresses, such as the disruption of blood glucose homeostasis, hypoglycemia and hypoxia, activate the AMPK complex. LKB1 and $CaMKK{\beta}$ are essential activators of the AMPK signaling pathway. AMPK triggers proangiogenic effects through the eNOS protein in tissues with ischemic conditions, where cells are vulnerable to apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. The AMPK complex acts to restore blood glucose levels and ATP levels back to homeostasis. This review will discuss AMPK, as well as its key activators (LKB1 and $CaMKK{\beta}$), as a central energy regulator and evaluate the upstream and downstream regulating pathways of AMPK. We will also discuss how we can control this important enzyme in ischemic conditions to prevent harmful effects in patients with vascular damage.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.389-396
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• 2022

The increased expression of receptors for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) is known as a key player in the progression of vascular remodeling. However, the precise signal pathways regulating RAGE expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the injured vasculatures are unclear. Given the importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in cell proliferation, we investigated the importance of MAPK signaling in high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-induced RAGE expression in VSMCs. In HMGB1 (100 ng/ml)-stimulated human VSMCs, the expression of RAGE mRNA and protein was increased in association with an increase in AGE-induced VSMC proliferation. The HMGB1-induced RAGE expression was attenuated in cells pretreated with inhibitors for ERK (PD98059, 10 μM) and p38 MAPK (SB203580, 10 μM) as well as in cells deficient in ERK and p38 MAPK using siRNAs, but not in cells deficient of JNK signaling. In cells stimulated with HMGB1, the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK was increased. This increase in ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation was inhibited by p38 MAPK and ERK inhibitors, respectively, but not by JNK inhibitor. Moreover, AGE-induced VSMC proliferation in HMGB1-stimulated cells was attenuated in cells treated with ERK and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Taken together, our results indicate that ERK and p38 MAPK signaling are involved in RAGE expression in HMGB1-stimulated VSMCs. Thus, the ERK/p38 MAPK-RAGE signaling axis in VSMCs was suggested as a potential therapeutic target for vascular remodeling in the injured vasculatures.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2014

The aim of this report is showing the case that we could give exact navigation of perigastric vessels for gastrectomy with 3D CTA. A 74-year-old male patient visited hospital with gastric cancer. Early gastric cancer, type IIb was found at stomach antrum great curvature side. Before surgery, he underwent 3D CT angiography. 3D volume rendering images and MIP images were made by post processing. He had replaced Lt. hepatic artery arising from Lt. gastric artery. Surgeon could get patient's specific vascular anatomy before surgery including surgically relevant anatomical distance and direction and could finish gastrectomy within 4 hours and just 53ml blood loss.