• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2013

Knowing how many species live in a ecosystem is a major work because of the distributions of species are determined by the environmental condition. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of vascular plants of Gonggeom-ji, located in Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, from April to October on 2012. The vascular plants were summarized as 240 taxa including 69 families, 176 genus, 204 species, 2 subspecies, 29 varieties, and 5 forma. Among the investigated taxa, 3 taxa of Korean endemic plants were included. Based on the list of specially designated plants by Ministry of Environment, 11 taxa including Alisma orientale, Monochoria korsakowii and Nymphoides peltata were recorded. The naturalized plants were identified as 26 taxa and the ratio of naturalized index (NI) was 10.8% of vascular plants recorded. 31 taxa of hydrophytes showed 17.8% of Korea. To conservation of wetlands, we suggest that it is required to minimize for unnecessary disturbance of human and to make a strategy for effective management by continuous monitoring for ecosystem alteration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.61-77
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to offer the basic data for conservation of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Hwapocheon wetland, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 292 taxa including 72 families, 192 genera, 262 species, 1 subspecies, 26 varieties and 3 forms. There were 34 taxa of hydrophytes, 23 taxa of emergent plants, 4 taxa of floating-leaved plants, 5 taxa of free-floating plants and 5 taxa of submerged plants. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Penthorum chinense, Prunus yedoensis(planting), Ixeris tamagawaensis, Hydrocharis dubia, Iris ensata var. spontanea(planting), Acorus calamus and so forth. The Korean endemic plants were 2 taxa including Salix koriyanagi and Salix pseudolasiogyne. The specific plants by floristic region were 19 taxa including 2 taxa of grade V, 1 taxa of grade IV, 5 taxa of grade III, 2 taxa of grade II and 9 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 62 taxa including Chenopodium album, Astragalus sinicus, Helianthus tuberosus, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The plants that were expected to spread nationwide were 14 taxa including Cerastium glomeratum, Bidens frondosa, Tagetes minuta, Festuca arundinacea and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 6 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.24-35
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• 2006

The vascular plants of the studied area was listed 384 taxa of 90 families, 234 genera, 331 species, 1 subspecies, 45 varieties and 7 forms. The flora of each reservoir, 285 taxa of 83 families, 190 genera, 247 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties, 7 forms in Osongjae, 117 taxa of 39 families, 87 genera, 100 species, 17 varieties in Ogongjae, 83 taxa of 30 families, 67 genera, 73 species, 8 varieties, 2 forms in Shinyongjae and 86 taxa of 33families, 70 genera, 75 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties in Eodujae. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 3 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Magnolia kobus (Preservation priority order : No. 187), Penthorum chinense (No. 144), Prunus yedoensis (No. 110) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa were recorded; Populus tomentiglandulosa, Clematis trichotoma, Prunus yedoensis, Paulownia coreana. Specific plant species by floral region were total 15 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in class V, 2 taxa (Carex idzuroei, Magnolia kobus) in class IV, 2 taxa (Monochoria korsakowi, Poncirus trifoliata ) in class III, 10 taxa (Sagittaria aginashi, Salix glandulosa, Clematis brachyura, Nymphoides peltata, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 13 families, 29 genera, 43 species, 1 varieties, 44 taxa and naturalization rate was 11.5% and based on the list of an ecosystem disturbance plants, 3 taxa were recorded in the studied areas : Paspalum distichum, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The hydrophytes was listed 31 taxa of 15 families, 20 genera, 29 species, 2 varieties and Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa, Penthorum chinense, Soirodela polyrhiza were recorded in Osongjae, Sagittaria aginashi, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Scirpus juncoides, Scirpus triqueter, Monochoria korsakowi, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea were recorded in Ogongjae. Besides, Scirpus fluviatilis, Trapa pseudoincisa were recorded in Shinyongjae and Scirpus triangulatus, Nymphoides peltata, Myriophyllum verticillatum were recorded in Eodujae. This site is located in the urban area and ecosystem-disturbing wild animal and plant has been imported here, therefore ecosystem has been disturbed more and more. The wetland here rapidly has changed into upland, so it needs conservation measures through long-term monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.370-382
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• 2011

We investigated the area around four moors from May 2009 to June 2010 for plant diversity in Moojechineup, officially designated as the Ramsar wetland. The vascular plants of Moojechineup at Mt. Jeongjok were recorded as total 149 taxa, 55 families, 105 genera, 128 species, 1 subspecies, 16 varieties, and 4 forms. Rare plants were observed 7 taxa (Eriophorum gracile Koch, Drosera rotundifolia L., Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, Kobresia bellardii (All.) Degl, Utricularia bifida L., Utricularia racemosa Wall., Utricularia yakusimensis Masam.). Korean endemic plants were 1 taxon, floristics special plants were 19 taxa, and naturalized plants were 3 taxa. Phytogeographical and evolutionarily, Eriophorum gracile is an important species; hence, further studies are needed to conserve it. Moojechineup is similar to the Shinbulsan wetland in terms of wetland plants (hydrophytes). Moojechineup's flora changes are in process slowly compared to earlier work; thus, continuing interest and appropriate measures should be encouraged.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2015

Differences in characteristics of flora and environmental factors of geomorphology, hydrology, water quality and soil were investigated in the shoreline of total 35 reservoirs according to their usages of waterpower generation, agricultural water supply, residential and industrial water supply and flood control in Korea. The number of plant species, floral structure and characteristics of species traits in the shoreline of reservoirs were different according to their usage. From the results of stepwise regression analysis, the total number of vascular plant species was increased at the environment of the higher flood frequency at the median water level and the longer exposure duration of the shoreline. The results of principal coordinates analysis and cluster analysis showed that the shoreline flora was classified as the 3 types of 1) flood control and residential and industrial water supply, 2) agricultural water supply and 3) waterpower generation reservoirs. The water level fluctuation, flood frequency at the median water level, lake water quality index and exposure duration of the shoreline were selected as important environmental factors affected on the characteristics of shoreline flora. The species richness of total flora and hydrophytes, especially submerged macrophytes, were much higher in the reservoirs for the purpose of the waterpower generation in which mesotrophic water quality and stable water levels were maintained. Annual or biennial ruderals were established on the ephemeral drawdown zone of flood control, residential and industrial water supply reservoirs which have oligotrophic or mesotrophic water quality and wide range of water level fluctuation. The floating hydrophytes were differentially dominated in the littoral zones of the agricultural water supply reservoirs with a mesotrophic or eutrophic water quality and a medium water level fluctuation. In conclusion environmental factors related to water level fluctuation and water quality were different and then the floral characteristics of shoreline were distinguishable according to usage of Korean reservoirs.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.297-312
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Seoungma (Gyeonggi-do). The vascular plant were collected 13 times (from March to October 2011), and 384 taxa in total were identified, including 94 families, 260 genera, 340 species, 5 subspecies, 37 varieties and 2 forms. Korean endemic plants of this area were nine taxa; Clematis brachyura, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, etc. Rare plants (IUCN) by the Korean Forest Service and Korean National Arboretum three taxa were recorded; one Critically Endangered species (CR), Prunus yedoensis, one Vulnerable species (VU), Epimedium koreanum, one Least Concemed species (LC), Phacelurus latifolius. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 15 taxa comprising two taxa of grade V and III, one taxa of grade II, 10 taxa of grade I. Furthermore, therophytes (28.3%), hemicryptophytes (23.0%), hydrophytes (14.3%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum. The naturalized plants were identified as 43 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 11.2% of total 384 taxa vascular plants. The vegetation status of investigated area was comparatively well conserved, but the degree of damage was increasing rapidly by the disturbances of human beings. Therefore, a long-term monitoring of vegetation changes and movement grasp must become accomplished.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.209-224
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• 2012

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants of Namhan River located in Chungju-si, and the period of survey was from June, 2010 to June, 2011. The results are as follows. The vascular plants distributed in Neungam, Mokgye and Jangcheon around Namhan river were summarized as 225 taxa including 52 families, 164 genera, 200 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was $Aristolochia$ $contorta$ Bunge, and the endemic plant was identified as $Salix$ $koriyanagi$ Kimura. The specific plants by floristic region were 7 taxa including $Salix$ $chaenomeloides$ Kimura, $Aristolochia$ $contorta$ Bunge, $Actinostemma$ $lobatum$ Maxim., $Artemisia$ $selengensis$ Turcz., $Cirsium$ $pendulum$ Fisch., $Alisma$ $plantago-aquatic$ var. $orientale$ Samuels. and $Carex$ $versicaria$ L.. The naturalized plants were 47 taxa including $Fallopia$ $dumetorum$ (L.) Holub., $Chenopoidum$ $album$ L., $Silene$ $armeria$ L., $Brassica$ $juncea$ (L.) Czern., $Melilotus$ $alba$ Medicus, $Trifolium$ $pratense$ L., $Oenothera$ $erythrosepala$ Borb$\acute{a}$s, $Ipomoea$ $hederacea$ var. $integriuscula$ A.Gray, $Bidens$ $frondosa$ L., $Matricaria$ $inodora$ L., $Xanthium$ $canadense$ Mill., $Panicum$ $dichotomiflorum$ Michx. and so forth. In life forms, megaphanerophytes (M) were 13 taxa, 13 taxa in nanophanerophytes (N), 14 taxa inchamaiphytes (Ch), 40 taxa in hemicryptophytes (H), 20 taxa in geophytes (G), 103 taxa in therophytes (Th) and 22 taxa in hydrophytes (HH). The ratios of the naturalized index (NI), the urbanized index (UI) and the disturbed index (DI) were 20.9%, 14.6% and 18.2% in all sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-131
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Gyodongdo island (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants from 11 field surveys were revealed to belong to a total of 629 taxa; 118 families, 364 genera, 561 species, 5 subspecies, 53 varieties, 7 forms and 3 hybrids. 184 taxa were the first records from this region. The plants in Gyodongdo island are composed of the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forests which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Five taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura Maxim., Viola seoulensis Nakai, Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa T. B. Lee, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were collected. Endangered wild plants designated by the law called 'Protection Law for Endangered wild fauna and flora' were one taxon. The red list plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined for 13 taxa; endangered (EN) species of Prunus yedoensis Matsum., Vulnerable (VU) species of both Utricularia pilosa (Makino) Makino and Iris ruthenica var. nana Maxim., Near Threatened (NT) species of Senecio argunensis Turcz., Least Concern (LC) species of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Potentilla discolor Bunge, Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume, Acorus calamus L., Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi, Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC., and Not Evaluate (NE) species of both Astragalus sikokianus Nakai and Potamogeton oxyphyllus Miq. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were a total of 47 taxa comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 21 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 62 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.9 % and the percentage of urbanization index (UI) was 19.3 %, respectively. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (28 %), therophytes (26 %), hydrophytes (13 %) and geophyte (12 %) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2009

A coastal wetland is the important area of diverse biodiversity as a transitional zone between coast and land. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 310 taxa; 85 families, 212 genera, 278 species, 27 varieties and 5 forma. The halophytes were 14 taxa; Atriplex gmelini, Salsola komarovii, Suaeda asparagoides and so forth. The hydrophytes and hygrophytes were 23 taxa; Boehmeria spicata, Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria japonica and so forth. The naturalized plants were 40 taxa; Fagopyrum esculentum, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium ambrosioides and so forth. The specific plants for the floral region were 28 taxa; Pteris multifida, Cyrtomium fortunei, Dryopteris erythrosora and so forth. In future, the flora of coastal wetland will be analyzed in series, and community dynamics and species composition for the halophytes will be studied.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2009

Seasonal changes of flora, vegetation structure, and primary production for the vascular plants were investigated in the disturbed bank, Daedaejae, one of the reinforced bank of Upo wetland, in Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from October 2005 to October 2006. The flora of the whole study area, the fabricated and the non-fabricated bank area were composed of 78, 72, 75 taxa, respectively. Among all of them, hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and mesophytes were 3, 33, and 42 taxa, respectively. The naturalized plants were 20 taxa, which was 25.6% of 78 taxa distributed in the study area. Dominant species of the fabricated and the non-fabricated bank area was Equisetum arvense and Trifolium repens, respectively. Importance values of the naturalized plants such as Erigeron annuus, Humulus japonicus, Astragalus sinicus and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior were relatively high in both area. The species diversity indices(H') were 1.010~1.450, and those were relatively high in October and low in March in both area. Those of the non-fabricated bank area was higher than the fabricated bank area during the whole study period. The similarity indices(CCS) between two kinds of banks were 0.359~0.456, and was lowest in March and highest in August, the culmination period of the vascular plants. Net primary production in the fabricated bank area was $417.1\;g/m^2$, and those of Phragmites communis, Oenothera odorata, Miscanthus sacchariflorus were 179.5, 84.0, and $66.1\;g/m^2$, respectively. Net primary production in the nonfabricated bank area was $392.7\;g/m^2$, and those of Erigeron canadensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Phragmites communis were 102.5, 87.4, and $81.6\;g/m^2$, respectively.