• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.303-310
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• 1996

해양 미세조류인 Isochrysis galbana Parke의 성장에 미치는 여러 환경요인과 배지요인의 영향을 조사하고 최적 배양조건을 구하였다. 그 결과를 요약하 면 다음과 같다. 1. 인공바닷물은 자연바닷물보다 다소 낮은 비성 장속도와 최종 균체농도를 나타내었다. 2.. 자연바닷물이 기초배지로 사용되었을 때 2mM 이상의 충분한 질산염 농도가 필요하였다. 그러나 미량원소와 비타민의 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 3. 완충용액요로 Tris를 첨가한 경우 pH는 일정 하게 유지가 가능하나 비성장속도와 최종 균체농도 가 감소하였다. 4. 최적 초기 pH와 온도는 각각 pH 8, $20^{\circ}C$ 였다. 5. 벚세기를 400-21001ux의 범위에셔 변화시켰을 때 비성장속도는 18501ux까지 증가하였고 그 이 후로는 일정하였다. 6. 10mL에서 70mL로 Working volume을 증가 시켰을 때 초기 성장속도는 비슷하였으나 최종 균체 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 7. Working volume이 30mL일 때 최적 교반속 도는 100rpm정도이고, 더 높은 교반속도에서는 최 종 균체농도의 감소가 관찰되었다. 8. 플라스크배양의 최적조건에서 최대 비성장속도 와 최종 균체농도는 각각 $O.021hr^{-1}$과 1.1g/L로 얻어졌다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.665-672
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and the effects of near infrared lighted garments on thermo-physiological responses in human body. Seven healthy adult men were recruited for this study. All subjects were informed the contents and purpose of this study. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of $32^{\circ}C$, 60%RH with 'Rest', 'Exercise' and 'Recovery' period. The experimental garments consisted of briefs, undershirts(sleeveless), nightclothes, T-shirts, knee-trousers and socks. Subjects participated in two experiments, one was wearing near infrared lighted garments(NIR-O), the other was wearing regular garments(NIR-X). The order of experiment was randomized, and subjects wore experimental garments before 24 hours in order to benefit by near infrared light. Measurement items included rectal temperature ($T_{re}$), mean skin temperature ($\bar{T}_{sk}$), sweat rate, heart rate, oxygen uptake and subjective sensation. The results are as follows: As to the variation of rectal temperature and mean skin temperature, value of wearing NIR-X was higher than value of wearing NIR-O, indicating a significant level of difference (p<.001). Sweat rate under NIR-O and NIR-X condition were 575.35 g and 535.75 g, respectively. Heart rate value of NIR-X condition was higher than NIR-O. Oxygen uptake measured during experiment was the higher in NIR-X condition with significant difference (p<.001). In the subjective sensation, the value of NIR-O condition was higher than NIR-X condition without significantly difference.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2009

Suitable rapeseed cultivation techniques of domestic agriculture are essential for stable security, supply and demand of rapeseed. This research developed a rapeseed seeder for bio-diesel and analyzed the seeding performance improving an existent granule fertilizer applicator. The relational expression of metering groove size and discharge rate per time displayed high correlation with a coefficient of determination of 0.988. Also, the scattering types were analyzed by forwarding speed and discharge rate. Validity application width was decided as 7.0 m by analyzing application uniformity at application widths of 7.6 m, 6.6 m, 5.6 m. All average coefficients of variation values were less than 20%. The best application uniformity was obtained in the condition of a work speed of 1.3 m/s and a sowing rate of 19.0 g/s. It was better average coefficient of variation values under 10% at superposition application of rapeseed seeder. Also, scattering amount rates of right and left were within 0.89${\sim}$1.0.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.690-698
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• 1995

Oxidized Si wafer 위에 반응가스로 Si $H_4$과 Ge $H_4$을 사용하여 RTCVD(rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition)법으로 증착온도 450~5$50^{\circ}C$에서 다결정 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막을 증착하였다. 증착된 S $i_{1-x}$, G $e_{x}$ 박막은 증착온도와 Ge $H_4$Si $H_4$입력비 변화에 따른 Ge몰분율 변화와 증착속도에 대해 고찰하였으며, XRD와 AFM(atomic force microscopy)등을 이용하여 결정상과 표면거칠기 등을 조사하였다. 실험결과, 다결정 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막은 32~37 Kcal/mole의 활성화에너지 값을 가졌으며 증착속도는 증착온도와 입력비 중가에 따라 증가하였다. 또한 조성분석으로부터 입력비 감소와 증착온도 증가에 따라 Ge몰분율이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 증착된 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막은 450, 475$^{\circ}C$에서 임력비가 0.05일때 비정질 형태로 존재하였으며 그 이외의 실험영역에서는 다결정 형태로 존재하였다. 기존의 다결정 Si 중착온도($600^{\circ}C$이상)와 비교하여 Ge $H_4$을 첨가함으로써 비교적 낮은온도(5$50^{\circ}C$이하) 영역에서 다결정 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 증착층의 표면거칠기를 측정한 결과, 증착온도와 입력비가 증가함에 따라 표면 거칠기( $R_{i}$ )가 증가함을 알 수 있었다.을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-92
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• 1989

피조개 양식장의 수질변화와 양성중의 피조개 근육의 carotenoid조성 그리고 지질조성의 변화 등을 비교, 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 해수의 일반정상중, pH, 염분도, 전기전도도는 충무, 여수의 양수역이 비슷하였으나, 년평균 수온은 충무수역이 약$2^{\circ}C$정도 높았다. 여수수역은 충무수역보다, 아질산성질소, 암모니아성질소, 인산성인등의 농도가 다소높았고, 특히 규산성규소의 농도가 2배 정도가 높아 수질이 뒤떨어지는 것으로 판단된다. 대장균군과 분변계대장균의 변화범위는 충무 수역이 $3.6{\sim}93/100ml,\;3.0{\sim}15/100ml$이며, 여수수역이 $7.3{\sim}150/100ml,\;3.6{\sim}20/100ml$로서 여수수역이 약간 불결하였다. 대장균의 조성은 Escherichia coli군이 8.9%, Citrobacter freundii군이 33.9%, Enterobacter aerogenes 군이 41.1%, 동정되지 않은 것이 16.1%로 나타났다. 피조개육의 Hb함량변화는, 충무산이 $1.1{\sim}2.5g/dl$, 여수산이 $1.7{\sim}4.4g/dl$로서, 년평균함량이 충무산보다 여수산이 높았다. 그러나, 총 carotnoid의 함량변화는, 충무산이 $0.80{\sim}1.28mg/100g$ (muscle), 여수산이 $0.45{\sim}0.99mg/100g$ (muscle)로서, 년평균함량이 충무산이 여수산보다 높았다. 피조개육의 구성 carotenoids중에서, pectenolone (기하함량비율 : 충무산 63.0%, 여수산 59.0%), ${\beta}-carotene$(평균함량비율 : 충무산 6.5%, 여수산 18.9%), pectenoxanthin(평균함량비율 : 충무산 9.9%, 여수산 9.1%) 그리고 diatoxanthin monoester(평균함량비율 : 충무산 11.2 %, 여수산 5.2%)등의 함량이 높게 나타났고, 특히 pectenolone 은 산란기 이전까지는 계속 증가하다가 산란기 이후 감소하며, diatoxantin monester 는 성장기중 계속 증가하며, ${\beta}-carotene$은 산란기 이전까지 감소하다가 산란기 이후에는 계속 증가하여, 피조개육색에 적접 영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다. 총지질, 중성지질 및 극성지질등의 각 지질을 구성하는 주요지방산은 양적으로, $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{22:6},\;C_{20:2},\;C_{18:20},\;C_{20:5}$ 그리고 $C_{18:3}$산의 순이었다. 충무산과 여수산 피조개육의 총지질중에서, 중성지질의 함량은 극성지질의 함량보다 2배량 많았으며, 총지질과 중성지질 함량은 산란기중 에 감소하였다. 그리고 계절별 지질의 지방산조성의 변화에서도, 산란기중에는, 총지질과 중성지질의 polyene 산은 감소하고 포화산은 증가하며, 반대로 당지질과 인지질의 polyene산은 증가하고 포화산은 감소하는 양상을 보여 대조적이었다. 총지질의 sterol조성은 충무산과 여수산에서 다같이, cholesterol, campesterol, brassicasterol 및 ${\beta}-sitosterol$의 순으로 함유하며, 산란기 중에 cholesterol의 함량비율은 감소되고 campesterol 은 성장기중 3월에서 11월까지 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.32-41
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• 1999

In this research, internal-mixing twin-fluid atomizer using sonic energy is designed and manufactured. We are trying to intimate high efficiency twin-fluid atomizer to obtain good liquid atomization in the low pressure region. Define of geometric form of atomizer, characteristics of spray is influenced by position, depth and height variation of cavity resonator, variation of sound intensity and resonant sound frequency with liquid flow rate. The liquid atomization is promoted by multi-stage disintegration of mixing flow of gas with liquid and the optimum condition of position and depth of cavity resonator according to sonic energy is obtained from the condition at a=2.5mm and L=2mm. The velocity distribution of droplets shows negative value due to recirculation region at the center of axial, and as the radial direction distance is far, the velocity distribution of droplets decrease slowly after having a maximum value. However velocity and SMD show nearly uniform distribution at the down stream and as result compared to Nukiyama and Tanasawa's equation. atomization of mixing flow with air and liquid dispersing from the outlet of the nozzle is promoted by the effect of collision at the cavity resonator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1107-1111
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential nutritive value of five legume forages (leaves and twigs) in West Sumatra during wet and dry seasons. The chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD), organic matter (IVOMD) and crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro gas characteristics and estimated metabolizable energy (ME) showed variation among legume forages and between different seasons. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 14.2 to 27.8% DM in the wet season, with a significant (p<0.05) reduction in dry season. C. pubescens, G. maculata, L. leucocephala and P. phaseloides showed the least reduction in CP content. The NDF, ADF and lignin were about 39.0, 26.5 and 6.1% DM, respectively in the wet season, and significantly (p<0.05) increased in the dry season, except for NDF of C. mucunoides and C. pubescens. For IVDMD, IVOMD and IVCPD significantly increased in the wet season, but values remained as high as over 50.0% of DM. The in vitro gas characteristics and metabolizable energy were significantly (p<0.05) higher in wet season than the dry season. During both seasons, the rate of constant (c) for G. maculata and ME content for C. pubescens and P. phaseloides were not significantly (p<0.05). Results demonstrated that P. phaseloides and L. leucocephala have a good nutritive value during both wet and dry seasons. Further studies on feeding trials are needed to quantify the animal responses when offered these legume forages.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2005

The objective of this paper is to describe the optimization of design parameters in a large-sized commercial bus heater system by using CFD(computational fluid dynamics) analysis and Taguchi method. In order to obtain the best combination of each control factor which results in a desired performance of heater system, the parameter design of the Taguchi method is adopted for the robust design considering the dynamic characteristic. The research activity may be divided into four phases. The first one is analyzing the problem, i.e., ascertaining the influential factors. In the second phase the levels were set in such a way that their variation would significantly influence the response. In the third phase the experimental runs were designed. In the final phase the planned runs were carried out numerically to evaluate the optimal combination of factors which is able to provide the best response. In this study, eight factors were considered for the analysis: one with two level and seven with three level combinations comprising the $L_{18}(2^1{\times}3^7)$ orthogonal array. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; (i)The optimum condition of control factor is a set of <$A_2\;B_1\;C_3\;D_3\;E_1\;F_2\;G_3\;H_2$> where A is shape of the outer fin, B is pitch of the outer fin, C is height of the outer fin, D is the inner fin number, E is the inner fin height, F is length of the flame guide, G is diameter of the heating element and H is clearance between air guide and heating element. (ii)The heat capacity of heated discharge air under the optimum condition satisfies the equation y=0.6M w here M is a signal factor. (iii)The warm-up rate improves about three times, more largely as com pared with the current condition, which results in about 9.2minutes reduction.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.555-561
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• 1993

메탄올용매내에서 요오드와 테트라메틸주석 사이의 Iododestannylation에 대한 반응속도를 분광학적 방법으로 연구하였다. 이 결과로부터 일시적인 전하이동착물의 흡수 스펙트럼이 관찰되었으며, 흡수 스펙트럼의 후속적인 감소현상으로 요오드에 의한 테트라메틸주석의 분해반응임을 알았다. 따라서 iododestannylation에 대한 속도상수를 온도 10, 25 및 35$^{\circ}C$ 압력을 1600 bar 까지 변화시켜 가면서 측정하였으며, 이때의 반응속도상수는 온도와 압력에 따라 증가함을 알았다. 이 반응속도상수로부터 ${\Delta}V^\neq,\;{\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq},\;{\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}$ 및 ${\Delta}G^{\neq}$의 값을 구하였다. 활성화 부피와 활성화 압축율계수는 모두 음의 값이며, 활성화 엔탈피는 양의 값을, 활성화 엔트로피는 음의 값을 나타내었다. 이들 값으로부터 전이상태의 용매구조변화 및 메카니즘을 규명하였다. 이러한 사실로부터 본 반응은 $S_E2$ 메카니즘이 지배적이며 압력이 증가함에 따라 $S_E2$의 성격이 약화됨을 알았다

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.290-299
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Spirulina is a known a functional food related to lipid profiles, immune functions, and antioxidant capacity. Circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level is associated with inflammation markers. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the MCP-1 promoter region -2518 have been identified and shown to affect gene transcription. Gene variation may also impact functional food supplementary effects. The current study investigated the interaction of MCP-1 -2518 polymorphism with spirulina supplements on anti-inflammatory capacity in Korean elderly. SUBJECTS/METHODS: After genotyping, healthy elderly subjects (n = 78) were included in a randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled study. Baseline characteristic, body composition, and dietary intake were measured twice (baseline vs. week 16). For 16 weeks, subjects consumed 8 g either spirulina or placebo daily. Plasma MCP-1, interleukin (IL) -2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, complement (C) 3, immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and Ig A concentrations and lymphocyte proliferation rate (LPR) were analyzed as inflammatory markers. RESULTS: In the placebo group with A/A genotype, MCP-1 level was significantly increased, but the spirulina group with A/A genotype was unchanged. IL-2 was significantly increased only in subjects with spirulina supplementation. TNF-${\alpha}$ was significantly reduced in subjects with the G carrier. C3 was significantly increased in the placebo group, particularly when A/A increased more than G, but not when spirulina was ingested. LPR was significantly different only in subjects with A/A genotype; there was a significant increase in phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide induced LPR in the spirulina group. CONCLUSION: In healthy Korean elderly, spirulina supplementation may influence different inflammatory markers by the MCP-1 genotype. These results may be useful for customized dietary guidelines to improve immune function in Koreans.