• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2002

The pitch range of the human voice is variable, extending from chest register to falsetto. Although numerous studies have investigated after laryngeal mechanism description of registers, systematic and objective studies were lack. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare head register with chest register of singers acoustically. Fifteen healthy tenor major students were selected. Fifteen healthy untrained adults were the control group for this study. Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the Fast Fourier transform(FFT) algorithm and Linear predictive coding (LPC) filter response were made during /a/ sustained in both head(G4, 392Hz) md chest registers (C3, 131Hz). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test. In the LTA power spectrum, head register of singer has increased level(energy gain) in the frequency band of 2.2-3.4kHz(p<0.01), and 7.5-8.4kHz(p<0.01, p<0.05). Chest register of singer has increased level in the frequency band of 2.2-3.1kHz(p<0.01), 7.8-8.4kHz(p<0.05) and around 9.6kHz(p<0.01). LTA power spectrum reveals a peak of acoustic energy around 2500Hz known as the singer's formant and another peak of acoustic energy around 8000Hz in singer's voice.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.54-65
• /
• 1993

The paper describes and alternative method based on a new idea to measure the circular movement of machining centers. ISO has employed three testing methods for the acceptance tests of machine tools; the first is a rotating one-dimensional probe method, the second is a two-dimensional probe and a master circular ring, and the third is a kinematic ball bar. The last two methods were proposed and introduced by W. Knapp and J. B. Bryan, respectively. The newly developed method is superior to above two methods; the rotating angle can be detected and the rotating radius is variable. Circular movement errors of machining centers were investigated by the analysis of data measured by R- .THETA. method. Followint observations are obtained 1) The errors which depend on positions, i.e., periodical errors by the pitch of ball screws, errors by compensation of backlash and errors by perpendicularity of X and Y-axis, were analyzed. 2) The errors which depend on NC control system, i.e., errors by the unbalance of position-loop-gaians, errors by velocity-loop-gains and errors by feed speeds, were quantiatively analyzed. 3) The method of extracting error information, which uses moving technique of averaging angle and fourier's analysis data mesured by the R- .THETA. method, was proposed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 2020

본 논문은 중국인 한국어학습자들이 발화한 한국어 동형다의 종결어미 '-(으)ㄹ 걸' 대한 한국어 원어민화자들의 지각양상을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 '-(으)ㄹ 걸'의 청지각적 의미 변별에 결정적인 역할을 하는 운율변수를 한국어 교육적 관점에서 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 동형다의 종결어미는 하나의 형태로 두 개 이상의 의미를 전달하는 종결어미를 일컫는다. 지금까지 외국인학습자들을 대상으로 한 동형다의 종결어미에 대한 연구는 외국인학습자들의 발화문을 원어민 화자의 발화문과 비교·분석하여 음운론적·음성학적 유사점과 차이점을 분석하여 발화정확도나 오류유형을 측정하는 데 집중되었다. 이로 인해 원어민화자와의 유사성과 차이점이 '-(으)ㄹ 걸'의 의미 판별에 실제로 유의미한 작용을 하는지에 대한 청지각적 연구는 이루어지지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 중국인 한국어학습자들의 동형다의 종결어미 문장이 한국어 원어민화자들에게 어떤 양상으로 지각되는지 분석하여 동형다의 종결어미 억양교육에 필요한 운율 규범을 상정해 보고자 한다. 본 연구의 실험자료 산출에는 한국어 숙달도 중·고급에 해당하는 10명의 중국인 한국어학습자들이, 지각 실험에는 20대의 한국인 원어민화자들이 참가하였다. 분석 자료는 '-(으)ㄹ 걸'이 추측으로 사용된 두 문장과 후회로 사용된 두 문장이다. 10명의 중국인화자들이 4개의 실험문장을 4회 반복 발화분이 지각실험 자료로 사용되었다. 지각실험참가자들은 실험 자료를 들으면서 문장 경계성조의 억양에만 의존하여 '-(으)ㄹ 걸'의 의미와 정확성 정도를 판별하였다. 25명의 청취실험자들의 지각실험 결과를 바탕으로 정확한 추측, 추측, 모호함, 후회, 정확한 후회로 지각된 문장들의 운율변수, 즉 경계성조, 경계성조의 기울기, 경계음절과 선행음절 간 피치편차, 경계음절의 피치레벨을 측정하였다. 통계분석 결과 상기된 모든 운율변수가 '-(으)ㄹ 걸'의 의미변별과 유의미한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 즉 운율변수가 커질수록 추측으로 작아질수록 후회문장으로 지각됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 의미변별에 가장 핵심적인 역할을 수행하는 운율변수는 피치편차임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 '(으)ㄹ 걸'의 발화에서 마지막 두 음절의 피치 조절로 두 의미를 변별하여 발화할 수 있음을 의미하며 '-(으)ㄹ 걸'의 억양교육에서 보다 객관적이고 유의미한 규범적 운율 요소로 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.176-177
• /
• 2013

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have attracted the attention of scientists and engineers involved in a wide area of research, microscopy, diagnostics and sensing. SPPs are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor, usually metals. These are essentially light waves that are trapped on the surface because of their interaction with the free electrons of conductor. In this interaction, the free electrons respond collectively by oscillating in resonance with the light wave. The resonant interaction between the surface charge oscillation and the electromagnetic field of the light constitutes the SPPs and gives rise to its unique properties. In this papers, we studied theoretical and experimental extraordinary transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) of 2 dimensional metal hole array (2D-MHA) on GaAs in consideration of the diffraction orders. The 2d-MHAs was fabricated using ultra-violet photolithography, electron-beam evaporation and standard lift-off process with pitches ranging from 1.8 to $3.2{\mu}m$ and diameter of half of pitch, and was deposited 5-nm thick layer of titanium (Ti) as an adhesion layer and 50-nm thick layer of gold (Au) on the semiinsulating GaAs substrate. We employed both the commercial software (CST Microwave Studio: Computer Simulation Technology GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) based on a finite integration technique (FIT) and a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) to calculate transmittance and reflectance. The transmittance was measured at a normal incident, and the reflectance was measured at variable incident angle of range between $30^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}$ with a Nicolet Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with a KBr beam splitter and a MCT detector. For MHAs of pitch (P), the peaks ${\lambda}$ max in the normal incidence transmittance spectra can be indentified approximately from SP dispersion relation, that is frequency-dependent SP wave vector (ksp). Shown in Fig. 1 is the transmission of P=2.2 um sample at normal incidence. We attribute the observation to be a result of FTIR system may be able to collect the transmitted light with higher diffraction order than 0th order. This is confirmed by calculations: for the MHAs, diffraction efficiency in (0, 0) diffracted orders is lower than in the (${\pm}x$, ${\pm}y$) diffracted orders. To further investigate the result, we calculated the angular dependent transmission of P=2.2 um sample (Fig. 2). The incident angle varies from 30o to 70o with a 10o increment. We also found the splitting character on reflectance measurement. The splitting effect is considered a results of SPPs assisted diffraction process by oblique incidence.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제78권4호
• /
• pp.381-395
• /
• 1989

본 연구는 임업 경영에 있어서, 그 중에서도 특히 간벌 작업에서 순수 작업시간과 임목의 형상 조건과의 관계를 구명함으로써 임금표나 공정표에 대한 과학적인 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 시험 대상지와 수종은 경남 양산에서 참나무 460본, 강원도 봉평에서 낙엽송 372본과 적송 232본, 전북진안에서 리기다 소나무 240본을 선정하였으며, 회귀식에 의한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수종별 임목의 형상 조건인 5개의 독립 변수는 순수 작업 시간을 산출하는데 있어 작업원별로 동일 조건임을 확인하였다. 2. 임목의 형상 조건간의 서로 상관관계를 구명, 유의성을 확인하였으며, 결과적으로 순수 작업시간(WT)은 흉고직경(DBH)과 전체 가지수(NOB)로부터 가장 크게 영향을 받았다. 3. 변수의 수에 따른 결정계수(Rp)와 잔차평균제곱(MSEp)을 비교하여 최적회귀식을 수종별로 산출하였으며 여기에서 모든 수종으로부터 흉고직경(DBH)과 가지수(NOB)가 조합된 $WT=a+b1{\times}NOB+b2{\times}DBF$의 식이 유도 되었다. 4. 간벌 작업에서 걸림시간(Hang-up time)을 산출해보면 전체 작업 사간에 대하여 참나무가 평균 66%, 낙엽송 74%, 적송55% 그리고 리기다 소나무가 52%를 나타났다. 5. 수종별 휴고직경(DBH)과 가지수(NOB) 2변수로 부터의 최적 회귀 방정식에 작업 시간표를 작성하였으며, 6. 여기에서 전체 작업시간(Total WT)은 벌도시간(FT)과 조재시간(LT) 그리고 걸림시간(HT)을 모두 합한 것으로써 임목의 1cm 증가마다 11-13초의 작업시간 증가를 나타냈다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.696-708
• /
• 2002

본 논문에서는 AMR과 EVRC 음성부호화기를 위한 새로운 파라미터 직접 변환 방식의 상호부호화 알고리듬을 제안한다. 상호부호화를 위하여 부가적인 복호화, 부호화 과정을 거쳐야하는 기존의 Tandem 방식과 달리 제안된 파라미터 직접 변환 방식에서는 양 음성부호화기가 음성을 부호화하기 위하여 공통적으로 사용하는 파라미터들이 직접 변환된다. 제안된 알고리듬은 파라미터 복호화, 프레임 분류, 모드 결정, 그리고 두가지 프레임형을 위한 상호부호화기로 구성된다. 상호부호화기는 LSP, 프레임 에너지, 적응 코드북을 위한 피치 지연, 고정 코드북 벡터, 그리고 양 코드북의 이득을 변환한다. 제안된 알고리듬을 다양한 방법으로 평가해본 결과 기존의 Tandem 방식과 비교하여 계산량과 지연 시간을 줄이면서도 동등한 음질을 구현함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국생산제조학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.683-690
• /
• 2012

In this work, the semi-active control of a large-sized bus suspension system with an MR damper was studied. An MR damper model that can aptly describe the hysteretic characteristics of an MR damper was adopted. Parameter values of the MR damper model were suitably modified by considering the maximum damping force of a passive damper used in the suspension system of a real large-sized bus. In addition, a fuzzy logic controller was developed for semi-active control of a suspension system with an MR damper. The vertical acceleration at the attachment point of the MR damper and the relative velocity between sprung and unsprung masses were used as input variables, while voltage was used as the output variable. Straight-ahead driving simulations were performed on a road with a random road profile and on a flat road with a bump. In straight-ahead driving simulations, the vertical acceleration and pitch angle were measured to compare the riding performance of a suspension system with a passive damper with that of a suspension with an MR damper. In addition, a single lane change simulation was performed. In the simulation, the lateral acceleration and roll angle were measured in order to compare the handling performance of a suspension system using a passive damper with that of a suspension system using an MR damper.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.118-123
• /
• 2009

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the relating factors for deformities of the foot after tibial fracture and the outcome of respective surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: We studied thirty-two patients (thirty-five feet) who had foot deformities after tibia fracture. The age, gender, shape, location, concurrent soft tissue injury and operative treatment of tibial fracture were analysed and outcome of the surgical treatment was investigated. Results: Deformities of the foot mostly occurred in open fractures of Gustilo type 3 or closed fracture with severe soft tissue injury. Variable surgical treatments such as simple release, lengthening, Z-plasty and osteotomy were performed. The AOFAS ankle-hind foot scale was improved from average of 37.3 points preoperatively to an average of 77.2 points at the last follow up. The Maryland foot score was from 42.9 to 90.2 and AOFAS Lesser Toe Metatarso-phalangeal interphalangeal scale was from 42.9 to 90.5. Radiological correction was also improved from 21.9 degrees to 7.9 degrees (Meary angle), from 112.2 to 138.5 (Hibb's angle) and from 33.8 to 25.9 (Calcaneal pitch). Conclusion: We proposed that great care should be taken of treatment for the tibial fracture and early detection and proper management of the foot deformities are crucial.

• 수산해양기술연구
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 1996

Full scale experiment was carried out in the southern sea of Korea to compare some important factors tested in the model experiment. The results obtained can be summarized as follows ; 1. The changing aspect of mouth performance of the full scale net was almost coincided with the results obtained by the model experiment. The vertical opening(H) and the opening area(S) can be expressed as a function of the towing velocity(V) as H=48.78. $e^0.38V$(unit: m, k't) S= 1,443 .$e^-0.25V$(unit: $m^2V$, k't) 2. The changing aspect of working depth of the full scale net was almost coincided with the results obtained by the model experiment. The depth(D) can be expressed as a function of the towing velocity(V) and the warp length(L) as D=92.49.$V^1.37$(unit: m, k't, L= 150m) D= 12.07+0.32. L (unit: m, V=2k't) [)= - 7.90+0.22 . L (unit: m, V=3k't) 3. Some problems were found to operate A - type full scale net by common bottom pair trawlers. The problems can be summarized as follows; (1) Entangling of wing and square head ropes while net casting.(2) Man power needed and time spent for net hauling by common bottom trawlers increased considerably.( 3) Tearing of nettings caused by over -load of tension and entangling of net pendant while net hauling. To solve these problems, the trawlers are favorable to be equipped with variable pitch propeller and llet drum. While the net is favorable to be constructed with trifurcated net pendant in stead of quadrifurcated net pendant used at present.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제14권7호
• /
• pp.711-719
• /
• 2008

Although non-real time simulation and pilot based evaluations are available for the development of flight control computer prior to real flight tests, there are still many risky factors. The control law designed for prototype aircraft often leads to degraded performance from the initial design objectives, therefore, the proper evaluation methods should be applied such that flight control law designed can be verified in real flight environment. The one proposed in this paper is IFS(In-Flight Simulator). Currently, this system has been implemented into the F-18 HARV(High Angle of Attack Research Vehicle), SU-27 and F-16 VISTA(Variable stability. In flight Simulation Test Aircraft) programs. This paper addresses the concept of switching mechanism for FLCC(Flight Control Computer)-SWMC(Switching Mechanism Computer) using 1553B communication based on flight control law of advanced supersonic trainer. And, the fader logic of TFS(Transient Free Switch) and stand-by mode of reset '0' type are designed to reduce abrupt transient and minimize the integrator effect in pitch axis control law. It hans been turned out from the pilot evaluation in real time that the aircraft is controllable during the inter-conversion process through the flight control computer, and level 1 handling qualities are guaranteed. In addition, flight safety is maintained with an acceptable transient response during aggressive maneuver performed in severe flight conditions.