• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.50-52
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• 1982

• 인지과학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.343-384
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• 2014

마음의 문제를 해명하기 위해 오늘날 인지과학은 과거의 컴퓨터 모델이나 신경망 모델이라는 좁은 틀에서 벗어나 뇌와 상호작용하는 신체와 상호작용하는 환경이라는 넓은 틀로 시야를 확대하고 있다. 그 결과로 등장한 <확장된 마음>이나 <체화된 마음> 혹은 <발제적 마음>의 이론들은 마음에서 환경으로 나아가는 길을 개척하는 데에 주력한 반면, 마음과 환경의 상호작용의 복잡한 과정 자체를 해명하는 데까지는 이르지 못하고 있다. 이런 문제는 1960~70년대에 마음의 문제를 뇌와 신체와 환경 간의 상호작용이라는 관점에서 선구적으로 해명하려 했던 깁슨과 마투라나와 바렐라에게로까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있다. 깁슨이 환경이 제공하는 어포던스에 방점을 찍었다면, 마투라나와 바렐라는 생명체의 자기생산의 자율성에 방점을 찍었기 때문이다. 그러나 환경이 제공하는 어포던스에는 불변적 요소가 존재하고 생명체 역시 고유한 자율성을 가지면서, 어포던스의 가변적 요소와 환경에 대해 열려 있는 생명체가 함께 구조적 짝패를 이룬다고 보는 것이 타당하다. 이럴 경우 깁슨과 마투라나와 바렐라의 대립점은 해소될 것이다. 이 글에서 필자는 벤야민의 미메시스 이론이 양자를 매개해주는 역할을 할 수 있다고 제안하려 한다. 벤야민의 미메시스 개념에는 어포던스적 요소들을 체화함과 동시에 환경에 새로운 어포던스를 발제하는 측면이 함께 어우려져 하나의 성좌를 만들어내는 과정이 포함되어 있기 때문에, 깁슨의 어포던스 개념과 마투라나와 바렐라의 체화와 발제 개념은 벤야민의 미메시스 개념을 매개로 할 경우 원활하게 연결되어 순환할 수 있다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.48-48
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• 2017

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.25-42
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• 2021

Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution mechanism based on the parties' agreement to resolve any disputes parties may have by arbitration rather than litigation in court. Parties' consent to arbitrate, which must be manifest in the parties' arbitration clause or agreement, is the foundation for arbitration; thus, the language of an arbitration agreement is often of utmost importance in determining the intent of the parties regarding many aspects of arbitration proceedings, such as, the scope of arbitral proceedings, arbitral seat, and authority of arbitral tribunals, among others. Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela (2019) that ambiguity in arbitration agreement as to availability of class arbitration should be resolved in favor of individual arbitration, and therefore, class arbitration would be precluded. Such holding was met with criticism by four separate dissenting opinions, in which the dissenting Justices have disagreed with the majority's interpretation of the arbitration agreement at issue, as well as, its rejection of application of state law in resolving contractual ambiguity. This article analyzes the Supreme Court's decision and reviews the Court's approach in construction of the arbitration agreement. Nevertheless, because the Supreme Court declined to provide clear guidelines as to precisely what contractual basis is required to permit class arbitration, either silence or ambiguity in arbitration agreements will be resolved by disallowing class arbitration.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2018

Wind induced large bending oscillation amplitudes in tall and slender telecommunication steel towers may lead to precocious fatigue cracks and consequent risk of collapse of these structures, many of them installed in rural areas alongside highways and in highly populated urban areas. Varying stress amplitudes at hot spots may be attenuated by means of passive control mechanical devices installed in the tower. This paper gives an account of both mathematical-numerical model and the technique applied to design and evaluate the performance of a double controller installed in existing towers which is composed by a nonlinear pendulum and a novel type of passive controller described herein as a planar motion disk mounted on shear springs. Results of experimental measurements carried out on two slender tubular steel towers under wind action demonstrate the efficiency of the double controllers in attenuating the towers bending oscillation amplitudes and consequent stress amplitudes extending the towers fatigue life.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.3-20
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• 2011

The physiology of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina in response to abiotic stress has been studied for several decades. Early D. salina research focused on its remarkable salinity tolerance and ability, upon exposure to various abiotic stresses, to accumulate high concentrations of $\beta$-carotene and other carotenoid pigments valued highly as nutraceuticals. The simple life cycle and growth requirements of D. salina make this organism one of the large-scale commercially exploited microalgae for natural carotenoids. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics now allow investigation of abiotic stress responses at the molecular level. Detailed knowledge of isoprenoid biosynthesis mechanisms and the development of molecular tools and techniques for D. salina will allow the improvement of physiological characteristics of algal strains and the use of transgenic algae in bioreactors. Here we review D. salina isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis regulation, and also the biotechnological and genetic transformation procedures developed for this alga that set the stage for its future use as a production system.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2017

Monitoring of corrosion is in most cases based on simulation of environmental conditions on a large and complex structure such as a buried pipeline using a small probe, and the measurement of thermodynamics and kinetics of corrosion processes occurring on the probe surface. This paper presents a hybrid corrosion monitoring probe designed for simulating deteriorating conditions wrought by disbonded coatings and for measuring current densities and distribution of such densities on a simulated pipeline surface. The concept of the probe was experimentally evaluated using immersion tests under cathodic protection (CP) in high resistivity aqueous solution. Underneath the disbonded area, anodic currents and cathodic currents were carefully measured. Anodic current densities were used to calculate metal loss according to Faraday's law. Calculated corrosion patterns were compared with corrosion damage observed at the surface of the probe after a series of stringent tests. The capability of the probe to measure anodic current densities under CP, without requiring interruption, was demonstrated in high resistivity aqueous solution. The pattern of calculated metal loss correlated well with corrosion products distribution observed at the array surface. Working principles of the probe are explained in terms of electrochemistry.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.914-920
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• 2011

Vibrio cholerae utilizes mannitol through an operon of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase (PTS) type. A gene, mtlD, encoding mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was identified within the 3.9 kb mannitol operon of V. cholerae. The mtlD gene was cloned from V. cholerae O395, and the recombinant enzyme was functionally expressed in E. coli as a $6{\times}$His-tagged protein and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant protein is a monomer with a molecular mass of 42.35 kDa. The purified recombinant MtlD reduced fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) using NADH as a cofactor with a $K_m$ of $1.54{\pm}0.1$ mM and $V_{max}$ of $320.8{\pm}7.81\;{\mu}mol$/min/mg protein. The pH and temperature optima for F6P reduction were determined to be 7.5 and $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, mtlD was found to be constitutively expressed in V. cholerae, but the expression was up-regulated when grown in the presence of mannitol. The MtlD expression levels were not significantly different between V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2016

An approach to achieving the ambitious goal of cost effectively extending the safe operation life of energy pipeline to 100 years is the application of health monitoring and life prediction tools that are able to provide both long-term remnant pipeline life prediction and in-situ pipeline condition monitoring. A critical step is the enhancement of technological capabilities that are required for understanding and quantifying the effects of key factors influencing buried steel pipeline corrosion and environmentally assisted materials degradation, and the development of condition monitoring technologies that are able to provide in-situ monitoring and site-specific warning of pipeline damage. This paper provides an overview of our current research aimed at developing new sensors and electrochemical cells for monitoring, categorising and quantifying the level and nature of external pipeline and coating damages under the combined effects of various inter-related variables and processes such as localised corrosion, coating cracking and disbondment, cathodic shielding, transit loss of cathodic protection.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.240-252
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• 2017

The restoration of endodontic tooth is always a challenge for the clinician, not only due to excessive loss of tooth structure but also invasion of the biological width due to large decayed lesions. In this paper, the 7 most common clinical scenarios in molars with class II lesions ever deeper were examined. This includes both the type of restoration (direct or indirect) and the management of the cavity margin, such as the need for deep margin elevation (DME) or crown lengthening. It is necessary to have the DME when the healthy tooth remnant is in the sulcus or at the epithelium level. For caries that reaches the connective tissue or the bone crest, crown lengthening is required. Endocrowns are a good treatment option in the endodontically treated tooth when the loss of structure is advanced.